Mutations in Welsh

Words which trigger mutations

Words are listed alphabetically according to the Welsh alphabet; words which begin with the apostrophe such as 'i, 'th etc are given at the end of the list. Any conditions relating to a mutation are given, e.g., restrictions in terms of individual sounds (or letters) or words.

A C D E F G H I Ll M N O P Rh S T U W Y Apostrophe ’

A

a (co-ordinator)	Aspirate
a (particle)	Soft
a (relative)	Soft
a (interrogative)	Soft
â (equative)	Aspirate
â (preposition)	Aspirate
ail	Soft
am	Soft
ambell	Soft
amryw	Soft
ar	Soft
at	Soft

C

cant	Nasal	before blwydd, blynedd, diwrnod; cant > can before these word
cryn	Soft
cwbl	Soft
cyfryw	Soft
cymharol	Soft
cyn (equative)	Soft	except ll-, rh-.
chwe	Aspirate
chweched	Soft	before singular feminine nouns

D

dacw	Soft
dan, tan, o dan	Soft
dau	Soft
deg	Nasal	before blynedd, blwydd, diwrnod; deg > deng before m-
deuddeg	Nasal	before blynedd, blwydd, diwrnod; deuddeg > deuddeng + m-
deugain	Nasal	before blwydd, blynedd, diwrnod
deunaw	Nasal	before blwydd, blynedd, diwrnod
dros, tros	Soft
drwy, trwy	Soft
dwy	Soft
dy	Soft
dyma	Soft
dyna	Soft

E

efo	Aspirate/Radical
ein	Add h
ei (masculine)	Soft
ei (feminine)	Aspirate/Add h
eu	Add h

F

fe (particle)	Soft
fy	Nasal

G

gan	Soft
go	Soft
gweddol	Soft
gyda	Aspirate

H

heb	Soft
holl	Soft
hollol	Soft
hyd	Soft	except ar hyd

I

i (preposition)

Soft

Ll

lled

Soft

M

mi (particle)	Soft
mor	Soft	except ll-, rh-

N

na (negative)	Aspirate	before c, p, t
	Soft	before b,d,g,ll,rh,m
na (co-ordinator)	Aspirate
na (comparative)	Aspirate
naill	Soft
naw	Nasal	before blynedd, blwydd, diwrnod
neu	Soft
newydd (aspectual)	Soft
ni (negative)	Aspirate	before c, p, t
	Soft	before b,d,g,ll,rh,m

O

o (preposition)	Soft
o dan, dan, tan	Soft
oll	Soft
oni	Aspirate	before c, p, t
	Soft	before b, d, g, ll, rh, m

P

pa	Soft
pan	Soft
pedwar	Soft	before adjective sometimes.
pedwaredd	Soft
po	Soft	before superlative adjective
pum	Nasal	before blynedd, blwydd, diwrnod
pumed	Soft	before singular feminine noun
pur	Soft
pwy	Soft
pymtheg	Nasal	before blynedd, blwydd, diwrnod; pymtheg > pymtheng before m-

Rh

rhy	Soft
rhyw	Soft

S

saith	Soft/Radical	except m- and d-
	Nasal	before blynedd, blwydd, diwrnod
sir	Soft	before county names, e.e. sir Ddinbych

T

tan (time)	Soft
tan (place), dan, o dan	Soft
tair	Soft	before adjective
tra	Aspirate	before adjective
tri	Aspirate
trigain	Nasal	before blwydd, blynedd, diwrnod
tros, dros	Soft
trwy, drwy	Soft
trydedd	Soft
tua	Aspirate

U

ugain	Nasal	before blwydd, blynedd, diwrnod
un	Soft	1. as a numeral:
		§ before singular feminine noun except ll-, rh- § before adjective + singular feminine noun § before adjective which stands for singular feminine noun
		2. like yr un fath before feminine noun and noun masculine
		3. like yr union un before feminine noun only; tad is an exception
	Nasal	in complex numerals before blynedd, blwydd, diwrnod
unrhyw	Soft

W

weled	Soft
wrth	Soft
wyth	Soft/Radical	except m- and d-
	Nasal	before blwydd, blynedd, diwrnod

Y

ychydig	Soft
y	Soft	before singular feminine noun except ll- and rh-
		before adjective + singular feminine noun including ll- and rh-
		before adjective which stands for a singular feminine noun
		before dau and sometimes deu- and dwy
		before ordinal numbers + singular feminine noun or ordinal numbers which stand for a singular feminine noun
ynteu	Soft
yn predicatival	Soft	except ll- ,rh- and braf
yn adverbial	Soft	except ll- ,rh- and braf
yn (preposition)	Nasal	yn > ym before m- and mh-
		yn > yng before ng- and ngh-

' Collnod

'th (dy)	Soft
'i (ei) feminine	Aspirate/Add h	before noun and verbnoun
'i (ei) masculine	Soft	before noun and verbnoun
	Add h	before verb
'm (fy)	Add h
'n (ein)	Add h
'u (eu)	Add h
'w (ei) feminine	Aspirate/Add h	before noun and verbnoun
'w (ei) masculine	Soft	before noun and verbnoun

Front Page Front mutations in Welsh