|
Welsh Acquisition DatabaseDatabase of the Welsh of Children 3-7 YearsLexicon |
|
Format of the lexicon
A lexicon has been created which lists the word forms which the children use, together with
their categories (parts
of speech) and lexemes (or lemma or dictionary entry form). The conventions of
CHILDES are used:
| "word-form" | {[scat "category"]} | "lexeme" | |||
| afal | {[scat en]} | "afal" | |||
| fale | {[scat en]} | "afal" | |||
| wedi | {[scat ag]} | "wedi" \|
| {[scat ar]} | "wedi" | |
In the case the category of nouns, number and gender are also indicated as follows:
| "word-form" | {[scat "category"]} | "lexeme" |
| afal | {[scat en] [rhif un] [cen g]} | "afal" |
| fale | {[scat en] [rhif ll]} | "afal" |
Details of the coding are given under en in the description of the Categories below.
Categories in the lexicon
The following categories and codes are used:
| ?? | the category is unclear | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a1 |
pro-form place adjuncts like there, fama 'here', |
ab
|
conjuncts and disjuncts like hefyd 'also', felly 'therefore'
|
ad
|
other adjuncts
|
ag
|
aspect markers yn 'progressive', wedi 'perfect'
|
an
|
adjectives
|
ar
|
prepositions
|
as
|
adverbs allan 'out', ymlaen 'onwards', i+ffwrdd 'away', i+lawr 'down', etc.
|
at
|
adverbs beginning with tu - tu+allan 'outside', tu+ol 'behind', etc.
|
b4
|
Welsh finite verb with English inflection
|
bd
|
English verbs in -ed, -en or equivalent e.g. crashed, drunk
|
be
|
verbnoun forms (compare English plain infinitive) including auxiliaries but not bod 'be'
|
bf
|
finite-verb forms (including the imperative forms) except bod 'be'
|
bf1
|
lexical finite verb (in the syntactic glosses in data files but not in the lexicon)
|
bf2
|
auxiliary finite verb (in the syntactic glosses in data files but not in the lexicon)
|
bf3
|
imperative finite verb (in the syntactic glosses in data files but not in the lexicon)
|
bg
|
English verbs in -ing
|
bp
|
English plain infinitive forms
|
ca
|
singing or song
|
cd
|
co-ordinating conjunctions
|
ce
|
verbnoun (compare English plain infinitive) of bod 'be'
|
cf
|
finite forms of bod 'be'
|
cm
|
mwy 'more' as a comparative particle before adjectives
|
cn
|
greetings and farewells
|
cy
|
subordinating conjunctions like achos 'because'
|
d1
|
preverbal particle, tag: oni namely 't, 'n', yn', ynd,
etc.
|
d2
|
preverbal particle, positive: y1, fe1, mi1
|
d3
|
preverbal particle, negative: nid namely d, t
|
d4
|
preverbal particle, negative, in answers and tags: na
|
d5
|
preverbal particle, negative, subordinate clauses: na5
|
d6
|
preverbal particle, interrogative, subordinate clauses: a1
|
eb
|
standard exclamations like aa 'ah', oo 'oh'
|
en
|
nouns
|
|
features on nouns are: rhif (number) = un(igol) (singular) or ll(uosog)
(plural);
|
|
cen(edl) (gender) = g(wrywaidd) (masculine) or b(enywaidd) (feminine) or gb
|
er
|
the post-modifying words arall 'other' and eraill 'others'
|
es
|
eisiau 'wants, needs' - a nominal form
|
f1
|
answer word, positive: ie, ia, etc.; do
|
f2
|
answer word, negative: nage, nace, naci etc.; naddo
|
g1
|
nominal wh- words - beth 'what', pwy 'who'
|
g2
|
adverbial wh- words - pryd 'when', pam 'why', sut 'how'
|
g3
|
the wh- word pa 'which'
|
g4
|
compounds involving wh- words like beth+bynnag 'whatever', pryd+bynnag 'whenever'
|
g5
|
the wh- word faint 'how much/many'
|
ga
|
grammatcically invariant answer words ie 'yes', nage 'no', do 'yes' a naddo 'no'.
|
gc
|
the comparative particle na 'than'
|
gd
|
demonstrative words dyna 'there/that is', dyma 'here/this is', dacw 'yonder is'
|
gg
|
intensifiers like rhy 'too', go 'gairly', mor 'so'.
|
gm
|
quantifiers like digon 'enough', llawer 'much/many, mwy 'more'
|
gt
|
the predicatival particle yn
|
gy
|
particle onid e: yntefe, tefe, and also 'de, 'te,
ynte, etc.; the latter may be ynteu sometimes
|
ll
|
pro-form adjuncts yna 'there', yma 'here' and acw 'yonder'
|
ly
|
letters of the alphabet
|
mo
|
words indicating epistemic modality efallai 'perhaps', hwyrach 'perhaps'
|
ne
|
the negator dim 'no/not' both as quantifier and adverb
|
on
|
onomatopeic words (but should be analysed as nouns if they occur as nouns e.g. 'beepbeep' = 'car')
|
pa
|
politeness expressions
|
pe
|
determiners
|
pi
|
forms of piau, used to indicate ownership
|
qq
|
for obscure forms
|
r1
|
personal pronouns
|
r2
|
demonstrative pronouns
|
r3
|
indefinite pronouns like rhywun 'someone'
|
r4
|
negative pronouns
|
r5
|
reflexive pronouns
|
r6
|
reciprocal pronouns
|
r7
|
conjunctive pronouns like finnau 'me too'
|
r8
|
prefixed (possessive) pronouns
|
r9
|
the 'alternative' pronoun llall 'other', lleill 'others'
|
rd
|
rhaid 'must, necessity'
|
ri
|
numbers
|
rp
|
universal pronouns like pawb 'everyone'
|
rq
|
indefinite phrases like beth+'na 'thingie', lle+'na, be+ti'+'n+galw 'what do you call it'
|
sg
|
standard verbal pauses like ymm 'uhm'
|
sy
|
standard paralinguistic forms like hy+hy 'uh-uh', mm+mm 'uhm-uhm'
|
ya
|
manner-adverbial particle yn e.g. yn gyflym 'quickly'
|
ys
|
English word e.g. naughty
|
z1
|
fronting particle, interrogative: efe
|
z2
|
fronting particle, declarative: na3, mai, taw
| |
Forms not in the lexicon
| Nonsense words | Suffixed with @gl in the data files. | chic+chics+tics@gl |
| Noises | Suffixed with @sn in the data files. | iii@sn |
| English Words | Single English words in Welsh sentences and in isolation are included.
Strings of English words as phrases or sentences are excluded. In the data files, they are surrounded with <...> which is followed with [% Saesneg]. Words from other languages are treated in the same way. | welish i ‹big christmas tree› [% Saesneg]. |
| Words in songs etc.. | In the data files, they are enclosed in <...> which is followed with [% ca:n]. | ‹dau gi bach yn mynd i 'r coed› [% ca:n]. |
| Proper names. | Begin with a capital letter in the data files. | |
| Unfinished words. | Begin with & in the data files. | &ffl |
Lexicon files
