DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
LEVEL 2 UNDERGRADUATE MODULE
IP35720 - DE GAULLE’S FRANCE (1919-1970)
 |
E-mail Prof.
Martin Alexander saa@aber.ac.uk |
Office
Hours: as posted (two per week)
ASSESSMENT:
* A
2-hour exam (unseen question paper), requiring two questions to be answered from
eight: worth 60 % of overall mark
Lect.
1
The Price of Victory: France after World War I
Lect. 2 The French working class and its political mobilisation between the wars
Week 2
Lect. 3 Defending the Franc: big business and economic performance, 1919-39
Lect. 7
De Gaulle the warrior: French strategy and defeat, 1939-40
Lect.
8
Video: “De Gaulle” Part 1
Lect. 9
France
defeated: Pétain, Vichy and Collaboration
Lect.
14
De Gaulle’s Fifth Republic: nuclear weapons, NATO and the recovery of
‘Grandeur’
Lect.
16
Video screening: “De Gaulle”
Part II
Lect.
17
Video
screening: “De Gaulle” Part III
The
lectures are intended to raise certain issues, indicate areas of debate and
interest, and major disagreements among historians
- generally to introduce you to the topic. They must be supplemented by your own reading.
Each
student must select ONE essay from the list below, and answer this for the
assessed element of the module. The essay must be 8 sides of A4 paper
(double-spaced, in 12 point font) i.e. approx. 2,500 words, in length.
Date for essay submission:
MONDAY
29 NOVEMBER
2003
All
essays must be handed in to Glesni Rees at the Department of International
Politics General Office, Edward Llwyd Building.
Choose your essay sooner rather than later – the
deadline is not till the end of Week
. But making an early start
on a definite topic will help you space out your reading/note-taking, benefit
more from the weekly lectures, and save you from a “can’t find the books”
panic in weeks 6/7 (!)
To
receive an essay back with your tutor’s comments on it, you must
hand in two (2) copies to the office at the time of submission.
If you submit only a single copy, it will not be returned, as it
must be retained for scrutiny later by one of the External Examiners.
LIST
OF ESSAY QUESTIONS:
1.
Why did
the French continue to feel so insecure after Versailles, and what did their
governments and military try to do about this ?
2.
‘The
Third Republic was only saved from French right-wing extremism before July 1940
because the right was so disunited.’ How far do you agree ?
3.
‘In
government for barely three years, but powerful at all times.’ Critically
assess the support-base, organisational strength and influence of the PCF
(French Communist Party) from 1920-1970
4.
Could the
French Popular Front claim any lasting achievements, and why did it not achieve
more ?
5.
Critically
evaluate the stance of political forces and society towards the place of women
in France, and assess in what respects this had changed by the end of the 1960s
6.
‘The
French should not have lost in 1940 – it was only German military brilliance
that caused them to do so.’
7.
Vichy’s
motto was ‘Travail-Famille-Patrie’
– how far does this let us understand French collaboration and its extent in
1940-44 ?
8.
Who had
the greater claim to legitimate power over France at the Liberation: the
Gaullists or the internal Resistance, and why ?
9.
Did
planning or personalities play the greater part in working the Fourth
Republic’s economic miracle ?
10.
‘The
nature of the Algerian crisis was such that only de Gaulle, as a uniquely
political soldier’, could solve it.’ Discuss
11.
In what
ways, and with what success, did Gaullist governments from 1958-70 remould and
strengthen France’s foreign and defence policies ?
12.
Account
for the occurrence of France’s
socio-political explosion of May 1968, and for its failure to overthrow de
Gaulle.
These
run FORTNIGHTLY for each group. Students prepare for seminars by pre-assignment
of topics. These must be worked up as 1-side bullet-point format
“presentations”. Each student presenting will get 5-6 minutes to talk about
their bullet-points in class.
Making
these presentations is a very important part of developing your ‘transferable
skills’ for life/work after university; try to enhance them with maps, an OHP
diagram, a handout for other class-members, or even use a short video-clip in
support of your points.
Another
student may be tasked as the Commentator on a presentation, in which case this
student has the ‘lead’ responsibility to open up issues and prompt the
general class discussion.
Seminar
topics:-
SEMINAR ONE
a)
What elements might be included in a balance-sheet of World War One’s
cost to France, and what might be the relative importance of each ?
b)
In what ways and to what extent did concerns over dénatalité
dominate debate on the ‘condition of France’ between the wars?
c)
How significant was pacifism in France after 1919, and how did this show
itself?
d)
Tom Kemp described French interwar economic performance as
a ‘history of decline’. Why ? – and is his view persuasive ?
SEMINAR
TWO
a)
Did the
Republic survive extreme-right challenges before 1939 because that right was
fractious and incompetent, or because the Republic was stronger than many
believe(d)?
b)
How far
did Léon Blum’s legalistic view of his mandate in 1936-37 doom the Popular
Front’s exercise of power ?
c)
Can one
argue that Daladier and Reynaud, from late-1938, were successfully tackling
France’s political & economic problems ?
d)
Assess
French attitudes towards empire, and the role of her overseas territories for
French power and self-image, 1919-40
SEMINAR THREE
a) What factors explain France’s swift defeat in May-June 1940?
b)
What
qualities made Marshal Pétain so appealing to the French in 1940-42 ?
c)
Why did
Resistance groups form inside France, 1940-44, and how dominant were the
Communists among them ?
d)
Explain
de Gaulle’s success in turning Fighting France movement of 1940 into a
provisional Government by 1944
SEMINAR FOUR
a)
Why, and
how extensively, did de Gaulle and other resisters purge French collaborators in
1944-46 ?
b) Pierre Mendès-France said that ‘to govern is to make choices’. Did he live by this dictum when prime minister (1954-55), and can one see him as the Fourth Republic’s ‘lost hope’ ?
c) Was it in politics, educational opportunity or the opening up of more varied employment that women in France experienced greatest changes from 1920-1970 ?
d)
What
political and military solutions were tried for the Algerian problem between
1954 and 1962, and why was full Algerian independence necessary to end the
crisis ?
SEMINAR FIVE
a) What were the features of French policy in Africa and the Third World under de Gaulle ?
b) Why did de Gaulle attach such importance to developing French nuclear weapons ?
c) Why, and how convincingly, did François Mitterrand in 1964 condemn the Fifth Republic as a Gaullist ‘permanent coup d’Etat’ ?
d)
What
caused the May ’68 upheaval in France, and why was de Gaulle and the Fifth
Republic able to survive it ?
Book
shortages do occur and you should plan
your reading with this in mind. The Hugh Owen Library will not hold all the
titles listed; you will have to use the National Library of Wales, and
Inter-Library Loan. Demand means that you may not be able to obtain a book
precisely when you want it. Do not imagine that in the week prior to essay
submission, all the books will be available – THEY WON’T ! You need to plan ahead and read books during the
entire length of the module. If you experience problems locating a text listed
here you should seek help from the appropriate specialist staff in Hugh Owen
Library – Meirion Derrick and Judy Lile.
You
should strongly consider purchasing some of the general books, as well as
significant books for your essay and seminar presentation(s). An inexpensive way
of doing this is to form ‘syndicates’ with 2 or 3 fellow students in your
seminar group, or with whom you have a friendship. In that way, a trio or
quartet of students can buy and have half a dozen specialist books between them,
at the cost to each of the price of only one or two books.
These are numerous in most fields of history. There are many sites, some extremely good. Excellent resources are available through H-FRANCE, an internet scholarly forum and discussion network. This offers online debates about past and current issues concerning France. It also posts virtual book-reviews, and symposia where several scholars debate a controversy or issue (such as French appeasement in the 1930s; or the use of torture by the French army and police in Algeria in the 1950s and 1960s). See http://www3.uakron.edu/hfrance/reviews
On Vichy France see: http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/vichy/
Be
aware, however, that many web-sites are highly dubious, unreliable or set up
to promote partial views and “carry the torch” for certain causes and myths.
These should really carry an “academic health warning”!
It
is essential that you be even more discriminating and critical when checking
web-sites for information, and especially for interpretations and ideas, than
when you use books and articles in scholarly journals…
Anyone
with a web-authoring software package can set up a web-site… on any subject.
Web-sites do NOT go through
the quality filter of pre-publication “peer-review” or “academic
refereeing” that applies to the scholarly books and articles published in
history or political science periodicals that we recommend to you.
Never
rely on a website’s information or interpretation without cross-checking
what’s in books and learned journal articles on the same subject. In time, and
by using this critical approach, you will become more practised in judging the
strengths, weaknesses -- and sometimes the downright misleading qualities -- of
web-sites you visit.
If
you are not yet familiar with journals, now is the time to rectify this. They
are an essential tool for you. Often they provide an entirely legitimate
‘short-cut’ to the heart of a major new interpretation of an issue or
controversy – or constitute the outlet where the first presentation of
important new research findings occurs or where major new documentation freshly
released from archives is made available.
Some
common uses of articles by academics:-
·
Use of a
journal article of 20-30 published pages to ‘trail’ or herald a forthcoming
new book on which the scholar has been researching/writing for several years.
Thus articles can be a way for you to get a ‘preview’ of the rethinking of a
problem or historical episode.
·
Articles
sometimes appear after the publication of a major book – in which case they
may effectively summarise the larger work in a convenient, digestible, 20-30
pages.
·
Articles
sometimes are written to bring to light facets of the research that would not
‘fit’ logically within the analytical framework adopted for the book
·
Articles
publish research that would have seen a book greatly exceed the word-length
insisted on by the author’s publisher!
So
– for all these reasons – it is ESSENTIAL you familiarise yourself (if you
have not already) with the main journals in the field of your studies. The
abbreviations below indicate the main ones used in this module.
AHR
= American Historical Review
(Publisher: American Historical Association)
EHQ
= European History Quarterly
(Publisher: Sage)
FH
= French History
(Publisher: Oxford Univ. Press)
FHS
= French Historical Studies
(Publisher: Duke Univ. Press)
HJ
= The Historical Journal
(Publisher: Cambridge UP)
IHR
= International History Review
(Publisher: Simon Fraser UP)
JCH
= Journal of Contemporary History (Publisher: Sage)
JSS
= Journal of Strategic Studies
(Publisher: Frank Cass)
JMH
= Journal of Modern History
(Publisher: Univ. of Chicago Press)
MCF
= Modern & Contemporary France (Publisher: Longman to 1998; then Taylor & Francis)
TRHistS
= Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
‘TEXTBOOKS’,
AND ‘ESSENTIAL’ vs. ‘RECOMMENDED’ reading – some guidance:
Re:
“textbooks”,, use ONE to gain familiarity with the issues, with the
chronology of ‘what happened/when’, with the elementary ‘who was who’
etc. You might spend, typically, a
half-day laying the groundwork and gaining understanding from your preferred
‘textbook’. Then move on to as
much of the specialist books and articles as you can manage. DO NOT USE MORE
THAN ONE ‘TEXTBOOK’ PER SEMINAR OR ESSAY.
In each section of the Bibliography below, a small number of works are
marked ESSENTIAL – the rest are all RECOMMENDED. Please be aware that the
readings in this handbook constitute only a tiny, selected fraction of the good
scholarly work published on each topic. Do not, therefore, make the mistake of
thinking that ‘this is a lot’ -- still less that ‘this is IT’ !
The readings
below are almost all in English. But, needless to say, there is a large
amount of excellent and important scholarship also published in French.
If you can read French and would like details of some key works to consult in
that language, please ask the Module Convenor.
For SEMINARS,
you should read at least part of all (or nearly all) ESSENTIAL works.
Once you have
chosen your essay topic, you also need to read in, and draw from, several
more books and/or articles from the RECOMMENDED items in that section of the
Bibliography.
It is simple:
READ AS MUCH AND AS WIDELY AS YOU POSSIBLY CAN, AND START READING/NOTE-TAKING AS
SOON AS THE MODULE BEGINS.
M.S.
Alexander (ed.), French History since
Napoleon (Arnold, 1999), chs. 5-16
H.
Gough & J. Horne (eds.), De Gaulle and
Twentieth Century France (Arnold, 1994)
J.F.
McMillan, Twentieth Century France.
Politics and Society, 1898-1991 (Arnold, 1992)
M.
Larkin, France since the Popular Front:
Government and People, 1936-96 (Oxford UP, 2nd edn. , 1997)
J.-P.
Rioux, The French Fourth Republic, 1944-58
(Cambridge UP, 1988)
S.
Berstein, The Republic of De Gaulle,
1958-69 (Cambridge UP, 1993)
A.
Shennan, De Gaulle (Longman/Pearson,
1993 - ‘Profiles in Power’ series)
J.
Jackson, De Gaulle (Cardinal Books,
1990 – ‘Makers of the Twentieth century’ series)
C.G.
Cogan, Charles de Gaulle. A Brief
Biography with Documents (St .Martin’s Press, 1996)
J.
Lacouture, De Gaulle Vol. 1 (The
Rebel, 890-1944) & Vol. 2 (The
Ruler, 1945-1970) (Collins-Harvill, 1990-91)
SEMINAR
1 Legacies
of World War One
The
Price of Victory
Dénatalité
Essential
D.
Kirk, ‘Population and population trends’ in E. M. Earle (ed.), Modern
France. Problems of the Third and Fourth republics (Princeton UP, 1951)
K.
Offen, ‘Depopulation, Nationalism and feminism in Fin-de-Siècle France’, AHR
89:3 (June 1984), 648-76
J.
C. Hunter, ‘The problem of the French birth-rate on the eve of World War
One’, FHS 2:4 (Fall 1962), 490-503
R.D.
Tomlinson, ‘The “Disappearance” of France: French politics and the
birth-rate, 1896-1940’, HJ 28:1
(1985), 405-15
W.
H. Schneider, Quality and Quantity: The
Quest for Biological regeneration in 20th Century France
(Cambridge UP, 1991), chs. 9-10
Pacifism
Essential
B.
Singer, ‘From patriots to pacifists: the French primary school teachers,
1880-1940’, JCH 12:3 (July 1977),
413-34
D.N.
Baker, ‘The Surveillance of Subversion in interwar France: The Carnet B in the
Seine’, FHS X:3 (Spring 1978),
486-516
P.
Farrugia, ‘French religious opposition to war, 1919-39: the contribution of
Henri Roser and Marc Sangnier’, FH
6:3 (Sept. 1992), 279-302
L.
Gorman, ‘The Anciens Combattants and appeasement: from Munich to War’, War
& Society 10:2 (Oct. 1992), 73-89
A.
Prost, In
the Wake of War: Les anciens combattants and French
society,
1914-1939
(Berg, 1992), chs. 1-4
H.
Shamir, ‘The drôle de guerre and French public opinion, 1939-40’
JCH
11:1 (Jan. 1976), 129-43
N.
Ingram, ‘The Circulaire Chautemps, 1933: The Third Republic discovers
Conscientious Objection’, FHS 17:2
(Fall 1991), 387-409
idem,
‘Nous allons vers les monastères:
French pacifism and the crisis of the Second World War’, ch. 7 in K.
Mouré & M.S. Alexander (eds.), Crisis and Renewal: France, 1918-62 (Berghahn, 2002), 132-51
Recommended
N.
Ingram, The Politics of Dissent. Pacifism
in France, 1919-39 (Oxford UP, 1991)
L.
Gorman, ‘War, Defeat and Occupation: French anciens combattants from 1914-18
and the events of 1939-40’, The French
Historian 7:1 (Sept. 1992), 25-40
Economy
Essential
K.
Mouré, ‘The French economy since 1930’, ch. 15 in M.S. Alexander (ed.), French
History since Napoleon (Arnold, 1999), 364-90
idem,
‘The Gold Standard Illusion: France and the Gold Standard in an era of
currency instability, 1914-39’, ch. 4 in K. Mouré & M. S. Alexander
(eds.), Crisis and Renewal: France 1918-62
(Berghahn, 2002), 66-85
K.
Mouré, ‘The Bank of France and the Gold Standard, 1928-1936’, Proceedings
of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History 17 (1990),
459-68
idem,
‘Le chef d’orchestre invisible et le
son de la cloche officiel: The Bank of France and the campaign against
Devaluation, 1935-36’, FH 9:3 (1995)
R.
F. Kuisel, Capitalism and the State in
Modern France: Renovation and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century
(Cambridge UP, 1981)
Tom
Kemp, The French Economy, 1913-1939: A
History of Decline (Longman’s, 1972)
idem,
‘The French economy under the Franc Poincaré’, Economic History Review 2nd ser., 24 (1971), 82-99;
reprinted in J. C. Cairns (ed.), Contemporary
France: Illusion, Conflict and regeneration (Franklin Watts, 1978), 65-91
T.
Kemp, ‘French economic performance: some new views reconsidered’, EHQ
15 (1985)
A.
Sauvy,
‘The economic crisis of the 1930s in France’, JCH 4:4 (Oct.
1969),
21-35
M.
Wolfe, ‘French interwar stagnation revisited’, in C. K. Warner
(ed.),
From the Ancien Régime to the Popular
Front: Essays in French History in Honor of Shepard B. Clough (Columbia UP,
1969), 159-80
D.
S. Landes, ‘French business and the businessman: a social and cultural
analysis’, in E. M. Earle (ed.), Modern
France: Problems of the Third and Fourth Republics (Princeton UP, 1951)
Recommended
K.
Mouré, Managing the Franc Poincaré.
Economic Understanding and Political Constraint in French Monetary Policy,
1928-36 (Cambridge UP, 1991)
Essential
J.
Levey, ‘Georges Valois and the Faisceau:
the making and breaking of a fascist’, FHS
VIII:2 (Fall 1973), 279-304
A.
Douglas, ‘Violence and fascism: the case of the Faisceau’, JCH 19:4
(Oct. 1984), 689-712
E.
Weber, The Hollow Years. France in the
1930s (Sinclair-Stevenson, 1995), 102-110, 118-41
W.
D. Irvine, ‘French Conservatives and the “New Right” in the 1930s’, FHS
VIII:4 (Fall 1974), 534-62
idem,
‘Fascism in France: The strange case of the Croix de Feu’, JMH 63 (1991), 271-95
K.
Passmore, ‘The French Third Republic: stalemate society or cradle of fascism
?’, FH 7:4 (Dec. 1993), 417-49
G.
Warner, ‘The Stavisky Affair and the riots of February 6th,
1934’, History Today 8 (June 1958),
377-85
M.
Beloff, The Intellectual in Politics and
Other Essays (The Library Press, 1971), 143-71 (‘The Sixth of February’)
P.C.F.
Bankwitz, ‘Paris on the Sixth of February 1934: Riot, Insurrection or
revolution?’, in B. D. Gooch (ed.), Interpreting
History (Dorsey Press, 1967), 337-68
R.
Austin, ‘The Conservative right and the far-right in France: the search for
power, 1934-40’, in M. Blinkhorn (ed.), Conservatives
and Fascists. The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth Century
Europe (London, 1990)
K.-J.
Müller, ‘French fascism and modernisation’, JCH
11 (Oct. 1976), 75-107
R.
J. Soucy, ‘The nature of fascism in France’, JCH 1 (1966), 27-55
idem,
‘Centrist Fascism: Pierre Taittinger and the Jeunesses Patriotes’, JCH
16:2 (April 1981), 349-68
A.
Forrest, ‘The French Popular Front and the politics of Jacques Doriot’, in
Alexander & Graham (eds.), The French
and Spanish Popular Fronts, 145-55
J.
Blatt, ‘The Cagoule Plot, 1936-37’, ch. 5 in K. Mouré & M. S. Alexander
(eds.), Crisis and Renewal: France 1918-62
(Berghahn, 2002), 86-104
Recommended
G.
D. Allardyce, ‘The political transition of Jacques Doriot, 1934-36’, JCH
1:1 (1966), 55-74
K.
Passmore, From Liberalism to Fascism: The
Right in a French province, 1928-39 (Cambridge UP, 1997)
R.
J. Soucy, French Fascism: TheFirst Wave,
1924-33 (Yale UP, 1986)
idem,
French Fascism: The Second Wave, 1933-39
(Yale UP, 1994)
Essential
J.
Joll, ‘The Making of the Popular Front, in J. Joll (ed.), The Decline of the Third Republic (St Antony’s Papers, 1959),
37-66
idem,
‘Léon Blum’, in J. Joll, Intellectuals
in Politics. Three Biographical Essays (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1962),
3-56
idem,
‘The Front Populaire after thirty years’, JCH
1:2 (1966), 27-41
D.
Levy, ‘The French Popular Front’, in H. Graham & P. Preston (eds.), The
Popular Fronts in Europe (Macmillan, 1987), 58-83
A.W.H.
Shennan, ‘The parliamentary opposition to the Front Populaire and the
elections of 1936’, HJ 27:3 (Sept
1984), 677-95
J.
Jackson, The Popular Front in France:
defending democracy, 1934-1938 (Cambridge UP, 1988)
M.
S. Alexander & H. Graham (eds.), The
French and Spanish Popular Fronts: Comparative Perspectives (Cambridge UP,
1989)
J.
Colton, ‘Politics and economics in the 1930s: the balance sheet of the “Blum
New Deal”’, in C.K. Warner (ed.), From
the Ancien Régime to the Popular Front. Essays in the History of Modern France
in Honor of Shepard B. Clough (Columbia UP, 1969), 181-208
Recommended
J.
Colton, Léon Blum, Humanist in Politics
(Duke UP, 1966; reprinted 1986)
D.
Johnson, ‘Léon Blum and the Popular Front’, History
55 (June 1970), 199-206
D.N.
Baker, ‘The politics of socialist protest in France: the left-wing of the
Socialist party, 1921-39’, JMH 43:1
(March 1971), 2-40
idem,
‘Two paths to socialism: Marcel Déat and Marceau Pivert’, JCH 11:1 (Jan. 1976), 107-28
J.
T. Marcus, French Socialism in the Crisis
Years, 1933-36 (Stevens, 1958)
N.
Greene, Crisis and Decline: The French
Socialist party in the Popular Front Era (Cornell UP, 1969)
D.
Brower, The New Jacobins.
M.
Fine, ‘Albert Thomas: a reformer’s vision of modernisation, 1914-1932’ JCH
12:3 (July 1977), 545-64
M.
Clague, ‘Vision and myopia in the “new politics” of André Tardieu’, FHS
VIII:1 (Spring 1973), 104-29
D.
G. Wileman, ‘P.-E. Flandin and the Alliance Démocratique, 1929-39’, FH
4:2 (June 1990), 139-73
R.
Binion, Defeated Leaders. The political
fates of Caillaux, de Jouvenel and Tardieu (Columbia UP, 1960), Pt. III, pp.
245-343: ‘André Tardieu and his case against the Republic’
J.
Jackson, ‘1940 and the crisis of interwar democracy in France’, in M. S.
Alexander (ed.), French History since
Napoleon (Arnold, 1999), 222-43
W.
D. Irvine, ‘Domestic Politics and the Fall of France in 1940’, ch. 4 in J.
Blatt (ed.), The French Defeat of 1940:
Reassessments (Berghahn, 1998), 85-99
J.
M. Sherwood, Georges Mandel and the Third
Republic (Stanford UP, 1970)
P.
Larmour, The French Radical Party in the
1930s (Stanford UP, 1964)
R.
F. Kuisel, Capitalism and the State in
Modern France: Renovation and Economic Management in the Twentieth Century
(CUP, 1981), 31-127
Recommended
Aline
Coutrot, ‘Youth Movements in France in the 1930s’, JCH 5:1 (Jan. 1970), 23-36
W.
D. Irvine, Conservatism in Crisis: The
Republican Federation in the 1930s (Louisiana State UP, 1979)
W.
B. Cohen, ‘The colonial policy of the Popular Front’, FHS VII:3 (Spring 1972), 368-93
M.
Thomas, The French Empire at War, 1940-45
(Manchester UP, 1998)
A.W.H.
Shennan, Rethinking France. Plans for
Renewal, 1940-46 (Clarendon Press, 1989), ch. 6 (pp. 141-68): ‘Imperial
Renovation and the Union Française’
J.
Kent, The Internationalisation of
Colonialism: Britain, France and Black Africa, 1939-56 (Clarendon Press,
1992)
M.
Shipway, ‘Madagascar on the Eve of Insurrection, 1944’, Jnl. Of Imperial & Commonwealth History 24:1 (Jan. 1996), 72-100
Essential
R.
J. Young, France and the Origins of the
Second World War (Macmillan, 1996)
R.
A. Doughty, ‘The French armed forces, 1918-40’ in A. Millett & W. Murray
(eds.), Military Effectiveness, vol.
II (The Interwar Years) (Unwin Hyman,
1988), 39-69
M.
S. Alexander, ‘In Defence of the Maginot Line: security policy, domestic
politics and economic depression in France’; and T. Imlay, ‘France and the
Phoney War, 1939-40’, both in R. Boyce (ed.), French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918-1940. The Decline and Fall of a
Great Power (Routledge, 1998), 164-94, 261-82 respectively
M.
S. Alexander, ‘In lieu of alliance: the French General Staff’s secret
cooperation with neutral Belgium, 1936-40’, JSS
14:4 (Dec. 1991), 413-27
idem,
‘Maurice Gamelin and the defeat of France, 1939-40’, in B. Bond (ed.), Fallen
Stars. Eleven Studies in Twentieth century Military Disaster (Brassey’s,
1991), 107-40
idem,
‘The Fall of France, 1940’, JSS
13:1 (March 1990), 10-44
R.H.S.
Stolfi, ‘Equipment for Victory in France, 1940’, History 55 (Feb. 1970), 1-20
J.
C. Cairns, ‘Along the road back to France, 1940’, AHR 64:3 (April 1959), 583-603
Recommended
R.
D. Challener, ‘The Defeat of 1940 in retrospect’, in E.M. Earle (ed.), Modern
France. Problems of the Third and Fourth Republics (Princeton UP, 1951)
B.
A. Lee,
‘Strategy, Arms and the Collapse of France, 1931-40’, in
R.Langhorne
(ed.), Diplomacy and Intelligence during
the Second World War. Essays in Honour of F. H. Hinsley (Cambridge UP,
1985), 43-67
J.
Blatt (ed.), The French Defeat of 1940:
Reassessments (Berghahn, 1998)
R.
J. Young, ‘En route to 1940’ FHS
XIV:4 (Fall 1986), 580-6
D.
Reynolds, ‘1940: Fulcrum of the 20th Century’, International Affairs (Spring 1990)
Essential
H.
R. Kedward, Occupied France: Collaboration
and Resistance, 1940-44 (Blackwell, 1985 & reprints)
idem,
‘Patriots and Patriotism in Vichy France’, TRHistS
32 (1981), 175-92
N.
J. Atkin, ‘Renewal, Repression and Resistance. France under Nazi Occupation,
1940-44’, ch. 10 in M.S. Alexander (ed.), French
History since Napoleon, 244-65
R.
C. Vinen, ‘Vichy: Pétain’s Hollow Crown’,
History Today 40 (June 1990), 13-19
D.
Johnson, ‘A Question of Guilt: Pierre Laval and the Vichy regime’, History
Today (Jan. 1988), 11-17
S.
Hoffmann, ‘Collaboration in World War Two’, JMH
40 (1968), 475-95
A.W.H.Shennan,
Rethinking France. Plans for Renewal,
1940-46 (Clarendon Press, 1989) Ch. 1 (pp. 19-33)
A.
S. Milward, ‘German economic policy towards France, 1942-44’, in K. Bourne
& D.C. Watt (eds.), Studies in
International History. Essays presented to W. Norton Medlicott (London,
1967), 423-43
R.O.
Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New
Order (Norton, 1972)
P.
Burrin, Living with Defeat: France under
the German Occupation, 1940-44 (Arnold, 1996)
V.
Caron, ‘The “Jewish question” from Dreyfus to Vichy’, ch. 7 in M.S.
Alexander (ed.), French History since
Napoleon, 172-202
idem,
‘Prelude to Vichy: France and the Jewish refugees in the era of
appeasement’, JCH 20 (1985), 157-76
M.
R. Marrus & R. O. Paxton, Vichy France
and the Jews (Viking, 1981)
N.
J. Atkin, ‘The Challenge to Laïcité: Church, State and Schools in Vichy
France, 1940-44’, HJ 35:1 (1992),
151-69
W.
D. Halls, ‘Church and State: prelates, theologians and the Vichy regime’, in
N. J. Atkin & F. Tallett (eds.), Religion,
Society and Politics in France since 1789 (London, 1991), 167-86
Recommended
W.D.
Halls, The Youth of Vichy France
(Clarendon Press, 1981)
B.
M. Gordon, ‘The morphology of the collaborator’, Journal of European Studies 23 (Mar-June 1993), 1-25
J.
F. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France. The
French under Nazi Occupation (Oxford UP, 1986)
A.
S. Milward, The New Order and the French
Economy (Oxford UP, 1970)
S.
Fishman & L. V. Smith (eds.), France
at War: Vichy and the Historians (Berg, 1999)
J.
G. Shields, ‘Anti-semitism in France: the spectre of Vichy’, Patterns
of Prejudice 24:2-4 (1990), 5-17
Ian
Ousby, Occupation. The Ordeal of France,
1940-44 (John Murray, 1998)
R.
Gildea, Marianne in Chains. In Search of
the French Occupation (Macmillan, 2002)
P.
Webster, Pétain’s Crime. The Full Story
of French Collaboration in the Holocaust (Papermac, 1992)
Essential
L.
Allen, ‘Resistance and the Catholic Church in France’;
H. R. Kedward, ‘Behind the polemics: French Communists and Resistance,
1939-41’; S. Hawes, ‘The Individual and the Resistance Community in
France’, chs. 4, 5 & 6 in S. Hawes and R. White (eds.), Resistance
in Europe, 1939-45 (Penguin, 1975)
S.
Farmer, ‘The Communist Resistance in the Haute Vienne’, FHS 14:1 (Spring 1985), 89-116
H.
R. Kedward, In Search of the Maquis. Rural
Resistance in Southern France, 1942-44 (Oxford UP, 1993)
idem,
‘The Maquis: whose History?’ in M. Scriven & P. Wagstaff (eds.), War
and Society in 20th Century France (Berg, 1991), 65-80
M.C.
Weitz, Sisters in the Resistance. How
Women Fought to Free France, 1940-45 (J. Wiley, 1995)
L.
Taylor, ‘The Black Market in Occupied Northern France, 1940-44’, Contemporary
European History 6:2 (July 1997), 153-76
J.
Jackson, The Dark Years: France, 1940-44
(Oxford UP, 2001)
Recommended
J.
F. Sweets, The Politics of Resistance in
France, 1940-44 (Northern Illinois UP, 1976)
H.R.
Kedward, Resistance in France: A Study of
Ideology and Motivation in the Southern Zone, 1940-42 (Oxford UP, 1978)
S.
Langlois, ‘Images that matter: The French Resistance in film, 1944-46’, FH
11 (1997), 461-90
P. Biddiscombe, ‘The French Resistance and the Chambéry Incident, June 1945’, FH 11 (1997), 438-60
France
resurgent: de Gaulle and ‘Free France’
Essential
J.
Charmley, ‘Harold Macmillan and the Making of the French Committee of National
Liberation’, IHR IV:4 (Nov. 1982),
553-67
M.
Thomas, ‘The Discarded Leader: General Henri Giraud and the foundation of the
French Committee of National Liberation’, FH
10:1 (March 1996), 86-111
F.
Kersaudy, Churchill and De Gaulle
(Collins, 1981)
G.
Warner, ‘De Gaulle’s First Government, 1944-46’, History Today XII:7 (July 1962), 449-58
J.W.
Young, ‘The Foreign Office and the departure of General de Gaulle, June
1945-January 1946’, HJ 25:1 (1982),
209-16
P.
Thody, French Caesarism from Napoleon I to
Charles de Gaulle (Macmillan, 1989)
H.
S. Hughes, ‘Gaullism: retrospect and prospect’, ch. 15 in E.M. Earle (ed.), Modern
France: Problems of the Third and Fourth Republics (Princeton UP, 1951),
251-63
Recommended
R.
Aglion, Roosevelt and de Gaulle, Allies in
Conflict. A Personal Memoir (The
Free Press, 1988)
Essential
P.
Novick, The Resistance versus Vichy: The
purge of Collaborators in Liberated France (Chatto & Windus, 1968)
H.
R. Lottman, The People’s Anger. Justice
and revenge in post-Liberation France (Hutchinson, 1986)
H.
Footitt & J. Simmonds, ‘The politics of Liberation in France, 1943-45’,
in M. Scriven & P. Wagstaff (eds.), War
and Society in 20th Century France (Berg, 1991), 96-113
H.
Chapman, ‘The Liberation of France as a moment in state-building’, ch. 9 in
K. Mouré & M.S. Alexander (eds.), Crisis
and Renewal: France 1918-62 (Berghahn, 2002), 174-98
H.
R. Kedward & N. Wood (eds.), The
Liberation of France: Image and Event (Berg, 1995)
Recommended
D.
Rubenstein, ‘Publish and perish: the épuration
of French intellectuals’ Journal of
European Studies 23:89-90 (March-June 1993), 71-99
H.
Footitt & J. Simmonds, France,
1943-45: The Politics of Liberation (Leicester UP, 1988)
Post-1945
economic recovery, the Monnet Plan and Mendès-France experiment
A.W.H.
Shennan, Rethinking France. Plans for
Renewal, 1940-46 (Clarendon Press, 1989), ch. 5 (pp. 106-40)
J.
Jones, ‘Vichy France and post-war economic modernisation: the case of the
shopkeepers’, FHS XII (1982), 541-63
J.
S. Hill, ‘American efforts to aid French reconstruction between Lend-Lease and
the Marshall Plan’, JMH 64 (Sept.
1992), 500-24
E.
Rice-Maximin, ‘The United States and the French Left, 1945-49: the view from
the State Department’, JCH 19 (Oct.
1984)
Charles
P. Kindleberger, ‘The postwar resurgence of the French economy’ in S.
Hoffmann et al., In Search of France (Harvard UP, 1963), 118-58
F.
B. Lynch, ‘Resolving the paradox of the Monnet Plan: national and
international planning in French reconstruction’, Economic
History Review 37:2 (May 1984), 229-43
D.
H. Pinkney, ‘The French experiment with Nationalisation, 1944-50’, ch. 20 in
E. M. Earle (ed.), Modern France: Problems
of the Third and Fourth Republics (Princeton UP, 1951), 354-67
P.
M. Williams, Crisis and Compromise:
Politics in the Fourth Republic (Longman,
1958 & 1964) pp. 71-87 (the Communist Party) & 88-102 (the SFIO
Socialist Party)
H.
Chapman, ‘Modernity and National Identity in postwar France’, FHS
22:2 (Spring 1999), 291-314
W.
I. Hitchcock, ‘Crisis and Modernization in the Fourth French Republic from
Suez to Rome’, ch. 11 in K. Mouré & M.S. Alexander (eds.), Crisis and Renewal: France 1918-62 (Berghahn, 2002), 221-41
Irwin
M. Wall, The United States and the making
of postwar France, 1945-54 (Cambridge UP, 1991)
J.-P.
Rioux, The French Fourth Republic, 1944-58
(Cambridge UP, 1988)
Recommended
D.
Holter, The Battle for Coal. Miners and
the politics of Nationalisation in France, 1940-1950 (Northern Illinois UP,
1992)
W.I.
Hitchcock, France Restored: Cold War
Diplomacy and the Quest for Leadership in Europe. 1944-54 (Univ. of N.
Carolina Press, 1998)
J.
Gillingham, Coal, Steel and the Rebirth of
Europe, 1945-55: The Germans and French from Ruhr conflict to Economic Community
(Cambridge UP, 1991)
R.E.M.
Irving, Christian Democracy in France: the
MRP (Allen & Unwin, 1973)
J.
Monnet, Memoirs (Collins, 1978)
F.
Duchene, Jean Monnet (1993)
J.
Lacouture, Pierre Mendès-France
(1981)
F.
B. Lynch, A History of the French Economy:
From Vichy to Rome, 1944-58 (Routledge, 1996)
S.
M. Zdatny, The Politics of Survival:
Artisans in 20th century France (Oxford UP, 1990)
Women
Essential
S.
Reynolds, ‘Marianne’s citizens? Women,
the Republic and universal suffrage in France’, in S. Reynolds (ed.), Women,
State and Revolution: gender and politics in Europe since 1789 (Harvester,
1986), 102-22
idem,
‘Women, men and the 1936 strikes in France’, in M. S. Alexander & H.
Graham (eds.), The French and Spanish
Popular Fronts (CUP, 1989; reprinted 2002), 185-200
idem,
‘Women and the Popular Front: the case of the three women ministers’ FH
8:2 (
), 196-224
W.
D. Irvine, ‘Women’s Right and the “Rights of Man”’, ch. 3 in K. Mouré
& M.S. Alexander (eds.), Crisis and
Renewal: France 1918-62 (Berghahn, 2002), 46-65
P.
Smith, Feminism and the Third Republic.
Women’s Political and Civil Rights in France, 1918-1945 (Clarendon Press,
1996)
H.
Diamond, ‘The everyday experience of women during the Second World War in the
Toulouse region’, ch. 3 in M. Scriven & P. Wagstaff (eds.), War
& Society in 20th Century France (Berg, 1990), 49-62
M.
Pollard, The Reign of Virtue. Mobilising
Gender in Vichy France (Chicago UP, 1999)
M.
C. Weitz, Sisters in the Resistance. How
Women fought to Free France, 1940-45 (John Wiley, 1995)
F.
Bédarida, ‘World War Two and social change in France’, in A. Marwick, Total
War and Social Change (Macmillan, 1988), 79-94
P.
Prestwich, ‘Modernizing French politics in the Fourth Republic: Women in the Mouvement
Républicain Populaire, 1944-58’, ch. 10 in K. Mouré & M.S. Alexander
(eds.), Crisis and renewal: France 1918-62 (Berghahn, 2002), 199-220
C.
Duchen, Women’s Rights, Women’s Lives
in France, 1944-1968 (Routledge, 1994)
Recommended
S.
Reynolds, France between the Wars: Gender
and Politics (Routledge, 1996)
T.
Zeldin, France, 1848-1945 Vol. 1 (Ambition,
Love & Politics) (Oxford UP, 1977), Pt. II, Ch. 13 ‘Women’, 343-64
S.
Fishman, ‘We Will Wait’. Wives of
French Prisoners-of-War, 1940-45 (Yale UP, 1991)
M.
L. Rossiter, Women in the Resistance (Praeger,
1986)
A.W.H.
Shennan, Rethinking France. Plans for
renewal, 1940-46 (Oxford UP, 1989), ch. 9 (‘The New Society III: Pro-natalism
and social security'’), 202-23
Algeria
Essential
M.
S. Alexander, M. Evans, J.F.V. Keiger (eds.), The Algerian War and the French Army, 1954-62. Experiences, Images,
Testimonies (Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), Ch. 1: ‘The “War without a
Name”, the French Army and the Algerians’, 1-39
M.
S. Alexander & J. F. V. Keiger (eds.), France
and the Algerian War 1954-62. Strategy, Operations and Diplomacy (Frank
Cass, 2002), Ch. 1: ‘Strategy, Operations and Diplomacy’, 1-32
J.
Talbott, The War without a Name. France in
Algeria, 1954-62 (Faber & Faber, 1981)
C.
S. Maier & D. S. White (eds.), The
Thirteenth of May: The Advent of de Gaulle’s Republic (Oxford UP, 1968)
T.
Smith, ‘The French colonial consensus and people’s war, 1946-58’, JCH
9:4 (Oct. 1974), 217-47
idem,
‘The French economic stake in colonial Algeria’, FHS IX:1 (Spring 1975), 184-9
M.
S. Alexander, ‘Seeking France’s “Lost Soldiers”: Reflections on the
French Military Crisis in Algeria’, Ch. 12 in Mouré & Alexander (eds.), Crisis
and Renewal, 242-66
M.
S. Alexander & P.C.F. Bankwitz, ‘From politiques
en képi to military technocrats: De Gaulle and the recovery of the French
Army after Indochina and Algeria’, Ch. 5 in G. J. Andreopoulos & H. E.
Selesky (eds.), The Aftermath of Defeat.
Societies, Armed Forces and the Challenge of Recovery (Yale UP, 1994),
79-102
Irwin
M. Wall, ‘The French Communists and the Algerian War’, JCH 12:3 (July 1977), 521-43
idem,
‘The United States, Algeria and the Fall of the Fourth French Republic’, Diplomatic
History 18:4 (Fall 1994), 489-511
Recommended
A.
Clayton, The
Wars of French Decolonization (Longman’s, 1994)
O.
D. Menard, The Army and the Fifth republic
(Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1967)
J.
S. Ambler, The French Army in Politics,
1945-62 (Ohio State Univ. Press, 1966)
T.
Smith, The French Stake in Algeria,
1945-62 (Cornell UP, 1978)
J.
Talbott, ‘French public opinion and the Algerian War: a research note’, FHS
IX:2 (Fall 1975), 354-61
P.
M. Williams, Wars, Plots and Scandals in
postwar France (Cambridge UP, 1970), 37-73 and 129-203
D.
Joly, The French Communist Party and the
Algerian War (Macmillan, 1992)
M.
Evans, The Memory of Resistance. French
Opposition to the Algerian War (1954-62) (Berg, 1997)
SEMINAR
5
M.
Evans, ‘From colonialism to post-colonialism: the French empire since
Napoleon’, ch. 16 in M. S. Alexander (ed.), French
History since Napoleon, 391-415
R
F. Betts, France and Decolonisation,
1900-1962 (Macmillan, 1991)
J.
Chipman, French Power in Africa
(Blackwell, 1989)
R.
Aldrich, Greater France. A History of
French Overseas Expansion (Macmillan, 1996), esp. Ch. 8 and Epilogue
Essential
H.
Tint, French Foreign Policy since the
Second World War (St Martin’s Press, 1972)
M.
S. Alexander & J.F.V. Keiger, ‘Defending France: Foreign policy and the
quest for security, 1850s-1990s’, ch. 11 in Alexander (ed.), French
History since Napoleon (Arnold, 1999), 266-92
S.
Hoffmann, ‘The foreign policy of Charles de Gaulle’, in G.A. Craig & F.
L. Lowenheim (eds.), The Diplomats,
1939-1979 (Princeton UP, 1994)
S.
Collard, ‘Franco-German relations since 1945: an overview’ MCF 49 (April 1992), 29-41
R.
O. Paxton & N. Wahl (eds.), De Gaulle
and the United States: A Centennial Reappraisal (Berg, 1994)
E.
A. Kolodziej, French International Policy
under de Gaulle and Pompidou. The Politics of Grandeur (Cornell UP, 1974)
C.G.
Cogan, Oldest Allies, Guarded Friends. The
United States and
France
since 1940 (Praeger,
1994)
Recommended
D.
Chuter, Humanity’s Soldier. France and
International Security, 1919-2001 (Berghahn, 1996)
P.
H. Gordon, A Certain Idea of France.
French Security Policy and the Gaullist Legacy (Princeton UP, 1993)
idem,
France, Germany and the Western Alliance
(Westview Press, 1995)
F.
R. Willis, France, Germany and the New
Europe (Stanford UP, 1968)
C.G.
Cogan, Forced to Choose: France and the
NATO alliance, then and now (Praeger, 1997)
J.-J.
Servan-Schreiber, The American Challenge
(Hamish Hamilton, 1968)
R.F.
Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma
of Americanization (Univ. of California Press, 1993)
D.
Lacorne, J. Rupnik, M.-F. Toinet (eds.), The
Rise and Fall of anti-Americanism: A century of French perception
(Macmillan, 1990)
R.
Woodhouse, ‘France’s relations with NATO, 1966-1996’, MCF NS 4:4 (1996), 483-95
M.
Martin, Warriors into Managers. The French
Military Establishment since 1945 (Univ. of N. Carolina Press, 1980)
G.
Hecht, The Radiance of France: Nuclear
Power and National Identity after World War Two (Harvard UP, 1998)
Essential
S.
Berstein, The Republic of de Gaulle,
1958-69 (Cambridge UP, 1993)
idem,
‘De Gaulle and Gaullism in the Fifth Republic’, in Gough & Horne (eds.),
De Gaulle and Twentieth Century France
(Arnold, 1994), 109-23
J.
Jackson, ‘General de Gaulle and his enemies: anti-Gaullism in France since
1940’ TRHistS
6th ser., IX (1999),
43-65
F.
Mitterrand, Le Coup d’Etat permanent
(Paris: 1964)
K.
R. Libbey, ‘The French Communist Party in the 1960s: an ideological
profile'’ JCH 11:1 (Jan. 1976),
145-65
G.
Ross, Workers and Communists in France.
From Popular Front to Eurocommunism (Univ. of California Press, 1982), 1-112
J.
Watson, ‘The internal dynamics of Gaullism, 1958-69’, in N. Atkin & F.
Tallett (eds.), The Right in France,
1789-1997 (I. B. Tauris, 1998), 245-59
P.
M. Williams & M. Harrison, Politics
and Society in de Gaulle’s Republic (Longman, 1971), 86-102 (‘The
Gaullists’)
P.
Thody, French Presidents from de Gaulle to
Chirac (1998) Ch. 1
Recommended
J.
Charlot, The Gaullist Phenomenon: The
Gaullist Movement in the Fifth Republic (Allen & Unwin, 1971)
L.
Derfler, President and Parliament. A Short
History of the French Presidency (Univ. of Florida Press, 1983)
Anthony
Hartley, Gaullism. The Rise and Fall of a
Political Movement (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972)
H.
G. Simmons, French Socialists in Search of
a Role, 1956-1967 (Cornell UP, 1970)
F.
L. Wilson, The French Democratic Left,
1963-69: Towards a Modern Party System (Stanford UP, 1971)
J.
Jackson, ‘De Gaulle and May 1968’, in Gough & Horne (eds.), De
Gaulle and Twentieth Century France (Arnold, 1994), 125-46
S
Hoffmann, France: Decline or Renewal ?
(Viking, 1974), 145-84 (‘Confrontation in May 1968’)
P.
Bouvier et al., ‘Reflections on May
68’, FPS 16:3 (Summer 1998), 52-64
D.Hanley
& A. P. Kerr (eds.), May 68: Coming of
Age (Macmillan, 1989)
C.
G. Cogan, ‘The Break-up: General de Gaulle’s separation from power, 1969’,
JCH 27 (1992), 167-99
ã Martin S. Alexander, 2003
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