ࡱ; Root Entry F*5źCompObjbWordDocument<:ObjectPool{r{r 4@  23456789:;<=SummaryInformation( q@@+źD @NZMicrosoft Word 6.04ࡱ;  FMicrosoft Word 6.0 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.6;  Oh+'0$ H l   D htqttsutututustssrovox&C:\MSOFFICE\WINWORD\TEMPLATE\Html.dot ghardalamJohn Grattan.John Grattan.@Ǣ\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\&mlmZ\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\(\\\\[[\\\\\\\\[\\\\[[[[\\\\[[\\\\[[[\\\[\\\\\[[\\\\\\\\\[\\TTTQm[[[[\\%(((Y[\[Z((Y[\[&(mllmY%\\Z((Y[\\[YmlmZZY(Y[\\\[Y((Y%\[Y((Z\\%Y((&TTTQl(mlmZ[\Zly$$v&Zvyyv&\[Yqyum%\Zvyyz&\[lyzzyyv&\\YzyyzZ\\Zvyym[\&mzyy(TTTj$yvY[hTTTTv&TTTv&[$TTTTTTvY[TTTz\TTTTTTTv&.U\\TNTYTTTm%hTTT(TTTjTTTTSXl&hTTTTv&\\\TTTv&(TTTTTTTTZ[TznjTTTTTTv&YDŽ\Tl%hTTT(XTTTTTTTTTTyYhTTTTvZ%%[[\\TTTv&sTTTW(%TTzTTTɹTv&?TTYTTl%\hTTT(TTTTsTTTTmhTTTTuvlllm%TTTv&TTTy^zyy$zZTTz&TTT%&TTv&\U]\TTɌ\TTTuY[\hTTT(TTT1m[TTTQmhTTTTv&\TTTv&TTTTTTTT&TTz&TTTuY[TTv&\\\TTTZ\TTyv(ZhTTT(XTTTm%zTTT(hTTTTTTTTTl%\TTTv&TTTTTTTT[TTz&TTyvmTTv&]TTTZ\\TT$zlhTTT(TTTjumrTTTIZhTTTTTTTTTZ[TTTv&ITTulTT%\2TTz&TTTyTTv&\\TTTZ\\TTTTTzhTTT(TTTTqyTTT%hTTTTTTTTT[\\TTTm%TjTT\1TT&TTTTTTTv&\\TTNTY[[\TȌTTTTuhTTTYTTTTTTTTTT\hTTTTul((((Y%TTT&[TTTTT\\TTzTȌ'\[(TTTY%TQTTT(hTTT%TTTETTTTT\\hTTTT$zzuuzvZQQQQY%\TTTɌ\1TTz&]&ST3TTTv&\U\u$=TTTT$ZQQQiT&hjjj&QQQSThTTTTTTTTTTY%muu%nj1TTTz&\TTTv&\\TTTTTTTTTTTTZ\Zvuu(\hTTTTTTTTTTX&TTT@%\\1Tl%\\\\TTTT(%\TTTTTTTTTTTTh&\hTTTY[hTTTTTTTTTT[TTT%\\\\\\1TZ\\\\\\\TTTT[\\\\\\TTTTTTTTTTTTh\\hTTT[\ye.\\\\\\\\\\\Ɍ&\\\\\\\hhhhhhhhhXh\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\(#)#A#B#C#D#F#1uuD uD^b uDH#b^buDC^b   6w  ` a u . / !{ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(#1 F# ; w 33@@ John Grattan./C:\MSOFFICE\WINWORD\INTERNET\MALTA\GHARDALM.HTM@HP DeskJet 500LPT1:HPDSKJETHP DeskJet 500  DLf,, u dHP DeskJet 500  DLf,, u d/ / / . `z+,-5\los456  , 5 ^ _ ` a u }  - . / m s\xu    ?!  !!!!!!!!""7"8"9"Z"d"e"f"i"k"""""rCTimes New Roman Symbol &Arial5Courier New @heDDD $\%C:\MSOFFICE\WINWORD\TEMPLATE\Html.dot ghardalam John Grattan. John Grattan.ࡱ; ܥe3 ,es<: 444444*444444 4I9C45555555N5P5P5P5n5569T9\645 555565445455554545N54444445N55@5Quaternary environments The Quaternary environment of Malta was dramatically different from that which we see today. During this time, Malta is seen as part of a land-bridge connecting Europe to Africa. The part of the land-bridge connection Malta to Africa was the first to disappear. The land-bridge connecting Malta to Europe disappeared later. This is based on fossils of animals dating back to 250,000 B.C. found in a cave known as "Ghar Dalam" (the cave of darkness.) It is assumed that these animals traveled south during the Ice Age and settled in Malta until they became extinct. Fossils of animals found in the cave include those of dwarf elephants, bears, wolves, hippopotamus and hyenas Everything starts at GHAR DALAM   PRIVATE src="greyline.gif "alt= " "  MACROBUTTON HtmlResImg  For generations a grotto not far from the small town known today as Birzebbuga, was used by shepherds as a sheepfold. Little did they think that a few feet of earth under their animals' litters hid the very ancient history of their island. And then, one d ay in 1865, Arthur Issel, an English scientist, came to the archipelago looking for fossils. Apart from confirming certain geological knowledge, the grotto of Ghar Dalam provided the very oldest evidence of man's presence on the island. The rock of the Maltese Islands consists of alluvial deposits from the tertiary era about fifty million years ago. As they hardened, these deposits imprisoned a vast number of shells, as can be seen from walking along the sea shore, particularly below the corniche at Sliema. A million years ago, at the beginning of the ice age, a gigantic erosion caused by torrential rains channelled the ground and began to form the relief. Scientists claim that at this epoch - the pleistocene - the Maltese Islands were joined to Sicily and Africa and that the separation from Africa took place first. It is worth noting that, whereas the sea between the archipelago and the African continent s ometimes reaches depths of 400 fathoms, between and Sicily it never exceeds 70 fathoms. At that time the Mediterranean was a vast pastureland with large trees, bushes and marshland grass in which birds and other large winged creatures, freshwater tortoises, elephants, hippopotamus, and many other vertebrates roamed about in search of food. Excavations in the grotto of Ghar Dalam, which is about 90 meters long, resulted in the discovery of an impressive quantity of the remains of animals of all sorts - herbivora such as antelopes, carnivora such as bears, wolves, and hyenas, and above all elephant and hippopotamus. The two last-named species of mammal are distinguished by the fact that they are dwarves; the smallest is no bigger than a Saint Bernard dog . On the other hand, a swan of gigantic size was also found. These astounding discoveries, which are specific to Malta, proved that 250,000 years ago the island was still connected to Sicily but cut off from North Africa. The remainder of Europe was covered with an ice cap, and in retreating towards warmer regions the animals had been trapped in this dead-end. Being unable to reach the further shore, they degenerated for a large number of generations before becoming finally extinct. It should not be forgotten that there were elephants in North Africa in Roman times and lions in Root Entry FbmRźCompObjbWordDocumentx:ObjectPool{r{r 4@  !"#$%&'()*+,-./01>?@ABCDEFGSummaryInformation( q@@NźD @~Microsoft Word 6.05ࡱ;  FMicrosoft Word 6.0 Document MSWordDocWord.Document.6;  Oh+'0$ H l   D htqttsutututustssrovox&C:\MSOFFICE\WINWORD\TEMPLATE\Html.dot ghardalamJohn Grattan.John Grattan.@Ǣܥe3 <esx: 444444*444444 49C45555555N5P5P5P5n5569T:\645 555565445455554545N54444445N55@5Quaternary environments The Quaternary environment of Malta was dramatically different from that which we see today. During this time, Malta is seen as part of a land-bridge connecting Europe to Africa. The part of the land-bridge connection Malta to Africa was the first to disappear. The land-bridge connecting Malta to Europe disappeared later. This is based on fossils of animals dating back to 250,000 B.C. found in a cave known as "Ghar Dalam" (the cave of darkness.) It is assumed that these animals traveled south during the Ice Age and settled in Malta until they became extinct. Fossils of animals found in the cave include those of dwarf elephants, bears, wolves, hippopotamus and hyenas Everything starts at GHAR DALAM   PRIVATE src="greyline.gif "alt= " "  MACROBUTTON HtmlResImg  For generations a grotto not far from the small town known today as Birzebbuga, was used by shepherds as a sheepfold. Little did they think that a few feet of earth under their animals' litters hid the very ancient history of their island. And then, one d ay in 1865, Arthur Issel, an English scientist, came to the archipelago looking for fossils. Apart from confirming certain geological knowledge, the grotto of Ghar Dalam provided the very oldest evidence of man's presence on the island. The rock of the Maltese Islands consists of alluvial deposits from the tertiary era about fifty million years ago. As they hardened, these deposits imprisoned a vast number of shells, as can be seen from walking along the sea shore, particularly below the corniche at Sliema. A million years ago, at the beginning of the ice age, a gigantic erosion caused by torrential rains channelled the ground and began to form the relief. Scientists claim that at this epoch - the pleistocene - the Maltese Islands were joined to Sicily and Africa and that the separation from Africa took place first. It is worth noting that, whereas the sea between the archipelago and the African continent s ometimes reaches depths of 400 fathoms, between and Sicily it never exceeds 70 fathoms. At that time the Mediterranean was a vast pastureland with large trees, bushes and marshland grass in which birds and other large winged creatures, freshwater tortoises, elephants, hippopotamus, and many other vertebrates roamed about in search of food. Excavations in the grotto of Ghar Dalam, which is about 90 meters long, resulted in the discovery of an impressive quantity of the remains of animals of all sorts - herbivora such as antelopes, carnivora such as bears, wolves, and hyenas, and above all elephant and hippopotamus. The two last-named species of mammal are distinguished by the fact that they are dwarves; the smallest is no bigger than a Saint Bernard dog . On the other hand, a swan of gigantic size was also found. These astounding discoveries, which are specific to Malta, proved that 250,000 years ago the island was still connected to Sicily but cut off from North Africa. The remainder of Europe was covered with an ice cap, and in retreating towards warmer regions the animals had been trapped in this dead-end. Being unable to reach the further shore, they degenerated for a large number of generations before becoming finally extinct. It should not be forgotten that there were elephants in North Africa in Roman times and lions in the Atlas mountains at the end of the last century. For along time it was believed that there was proof of the presence on the island of Neanderthal man, who lived about 100,000 years ago, since human teeth characteristic of prehistoric man were found in the grotto. Unfortunately, one day a dentist extract ed a tooth froma local inhabitant and found it was exactly the same! The doubts which then arose were later confirmed by modern scientific methods of analysis. Nonetheless, it was the grotto of Ghar Dalam which furnished the first irrefutable evidence of human presence. About 3800 B.C. shepherds, probably from Sicily, arrived; at all events, their pottery is very similar to that found at Stentinello near Syracus e. On the other hand, the decoration is very similar to that used for the pottery of Dalmatia and the eastern Mediterranean. It is believed that these first inhabitants were also fishers. Their first homes were the natural grottoes in which this chalky co untry abounds. (Source: MALTA, Bernard Nantet, Editions DELROISSE, Paris)   PRIVATE href="maltindex.html" MACROBUTTON HtmlResAnchor Return to Main Page was connected to both Europe and Africa by a land bridge. Fossils have been found the which . is Quaternary soils. While Ghar Dhalam was excavated some time ago the discovery and examination of Quaternary depsoits is a field with great potential. We will visit several Qauternary deposits, and their examination, mapping and description would form the basis of an excellent project.  !!"AB\ops    ! " # @ A B \ k l m ?!!!!!!!!!""7"8"9"Z"d"e"f"i"k"""""""""""""""(#C^buDC^b uD^bUu^bC uDCuDV^_#   4rs!!!+"k"""F#!{!!!!{!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!K!!!!!!!!!! *K$`$Normal,P<<a c(`( Heading 1,H1c$k$&`& Heading 2,H2c &`& Heading 3,H3c&`& Heading 4,H4c$`$ Heading 5,H5c ` Heading 6,H6"A`"Default Paragraph FontoAddressV o BlockquotehhoCITEVo!CODE]8o28Definition Compact,DL COMPACTpc(oB(Definition List,DL@  oQ Definition Term,DTUoaDefinition,DFNUV(o( Directory,DIR @ o Emphasis,EMV*o*Horizontal Rule,HR ( o Hypertext,A^b o Keyboard,KBDU]^\0`\List Bullet,UL@ h 4h\1`\List Number,OL@ h 4h.VoVMenu@  4hc\o\PRE WIDE@ N1%/  #&),]c\o\Preformatted,PRE:  -1%) ` @`! %(+]"o" RestartList!o! Sample,SAMP]"o1"Strikethrough,STRIKEWoA Strong,STRONGUoQ Typewriter,TT]oa Variable,VARV,o,z-Bottom of Form'&]co z-HTML Tag*o* z-Top of Form)(]cReturn to   PRIVATE HREF="maltindex.html" MACROBUTTON HtmlResAnchor Malta Home Page.Quaternary sediments occur as cavern and fissure infillings and as hillside veneers of material. All the deposits indicate that they were laid down in an environment which were much more temperate than today. . Malta was also home to the Giant Dormouse, which thankfuly for our safety is now extinct!Quaternary research in Malta is an area with a great deal of potential. Points to consider. Map and explore quaternary sediments in the field. What environmental conditions are indicated by these sediments? Do the Quaternary deposits all indicate the same type of environment? Back to the   PRIVATE HREF="virtual.html" MACROBUTTON HtmlResAnchor   PRIVATE SRC="fieldtri.gif" ALIGN="BOTTOM"  MACROBUTTON HtmlResImg  :V w  (  d C dd(d 88JRRR9((8rR((JJJ99sQs((QQB111bbYr{RRQ8zz8Rr878ZZZAArrYY RR01kk!!RRIIBBzzss99JBR88IQbj 1111999BBB99 ZZbbIIccjjjjcc00!!00ss{{!!!)))( sss{{{jjrrccckkkBB0(!!))0088!!))Ar ZbzIIII11BJrz(0AAthe Atlas mountains at the end of the last century. For along time it was believed that there was proof of the presence on the island of Neanderthal man, who lived about 100,000 years ago, since human teeth characteristic of prehistoric man were found in the grotto. Unfortunately, one day a dentist extract ed a tooth froma local inhabitant and found it was exactly the same! The doubts which then arose were later confirmed by modern scientific methods of analysis. Nonetheless, it was the grotto of Ghar Dalam which furnished the first irrefutable evidence of human presence. About 3800 B.C. shepherds, probably from Sicily, arrived; at all events, their pottery is very similar to that found at Stentinello near Syracus e. On the other hand, the decoration is very similar to that used for the pottery of Dalmatia and the eastern Mediterranean. It is believed that these first inhabitants were also fishers. Their first homes were the natural grottoes in which this chalky co untry abounds. (Source: MALTA, Bernard Nantet, Editions DELROISSE, Paris)   PRIVATE href="maltindex.html" MACROBUTTON HtmlResAnchor Return to Main Page was connected to both Europe and Africa by a land bridge. Fossils have been found the which . is Quaternary soils. While Ghar Dhalam was excavated some time ago the discovery and examination of Quaternary depsoits is a field with great potential. We will visit several Qauternary deposits, and their examination, mapping and description would form the basis of an excellent project.  !!"AB\ops    ! " # @ A B \ k l m ?!!!!!!!!!""7"8"9"Z"d"e"f"i"k"""""""""""""""(#C^buDC^b uD^bUu^bC uDCuDV^_#   4rs!!!+"k"""F#!{!!!!{!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!K!!!!!!!!!! *K$`$Normal,P<<a c(`( Heading 1,H1c$k$&`& Heading 2,H2c &`& Heading 3,H3c&`& Heading 4,H4c$`$ Heading 5,H5c ` Heading 6,H6"A`"Default Paragraph FontoAddressV o BlockquotehhoCITEVo!CODE]8o28Definition Compact,DL COMPACTpc(oB(Definition List,DL@  oQ Definition Term,DTUoaDefinition,DFNUV(o( Directory,DIR @ o Emphasis,EMV*o*Horizontal Rule,HR ( o Hypertext,A^b o Keyboard,KBDU]^\0`\List Bullet,UL@ h 4h\1`\List Number,OL@ h 4h.VoVMenu@  4hc\o\PRE WIDE@ N1%/  #&),]c\o\Preformatted,PRE:  -1%) ` @`! %(+]"o" RestartList!o! Sample,SAMP]"o1"Strikethrough,STRIKEWoA Strong,STRONGUoQ Typewriter,TT]oa Variable,VARV,o,z-Bottom of Form'&]co z-HTML Tag*o* z-Top of Form)(]cReturn to   PRIVATE HREF="maltindex.html" MACROBUTTON HtmlResAnchor Malta Home Page.Quaternary sediments occur as cavern and fissure infillings and as hillside veneers of material. All the deposits indicate that they were laid down in an environment which were much more temperate than today. . Malta was also home to the Giant Dormouse, which thankfuly for our safety is now extinct!Quaternary research in Malta is an area with a great deal of potential. Points to consider. Map and explore quaternary sediments in the field. What environmental conditions are indicated by these sediments? Do the Quaternary deposits all indicate the same type of environment? Back to the   PRIVATE HREF="virtual.html" MACROBUTTON HtmlResAnchor   PRIVATE SRC="fieldtri.gif" ALIGN="BOTTOM"  MACROBUTTON HtmlResImg  :V w  (  d C dd(d 88JRRR9((8rR((JJJ99sQs((QQB111bbYr{RRQ8zz8Rr878ZZZAArrYY RR01kk!!RRIIBBzzss99JBR88IQbj 1111999BBB99 ZZbbIIccjjjjcc00!!00ss{{!!!)))( sss{{{jjrrccckkkBB0(!!))0088!!))Ar ZbzIIII11BJrz(0AA\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\[[[\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\&mlmZ\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\(\\\\[[\\\\\\\\[\\\\[[[[\\\\[[\\\\[[[\\\[\\\\\[[\\\\\\\\\[\\TTTQm[[[[\\%(((Y[\[Z((Y[\[&(mllmY%\\Z((Y[\\[YmlmZZY(Y[\\\[Y((Y%\[Y((Z\\%Y((&TTTQl(mlmZ[\Zly$$v&Zvyyv&\[Yqyum%\Zvyyz&\[lyzzyyv&\\YzyyzZ\\Zvyym[\&mzyy(TTTj$yvY[hTTTTv&TTTv&[$TTTTTTvY[TTTz\TTTTTTTv&.U\\TNTYTTTm%hTTT(TTTjTTTTSXl&hTTTTv&\\\TTTv&(TTTTTTTTZ[TznjTTTTTTv&YDŽ\Tl%hTTT(XTTTTTTTTTTyYhTTTTvZ%%[[\\TTTv&sTTTW(%TTzTTTɹTv&?TTYTTl%\hTTT(TTTTsTTTTmhTTTTuvlllm%TTTv&TTTy^zyy$zZTTz&TTT%&TTv&\U]\TTɌ\TTTuY[\hTTT(TTT1m[TTTQmhTTTTv&\TTTv&TTTTTTTT&TTz&TTTuY[TTv&\\\TTTZ\TTyv(ZhTTT(XTTTm%zTTT(hTTTTTTTTTl%\TTTv&TTTTTTTT[TTz&TTyvmTTv&]TTTZ\\TT$zlhTTT(TTTjumrTTTIZhTTTTTTTTTZ[TTTv&ITTulTT%\2TTz&TTTyTTv&\\TTTZ\\TTTTTzhTTT(TTTTqyTTT%hTTTTTTTTT[\\TTTm%TjTT\1TT&TTTTTTTv&\\TTNTY[[\TȌTTTTuhTTTYTTTTTTTTTT\hTTTTul((((Y%TTT&[TTTTT\\TTzTȌ'\[(TTTY%TQTTT(hTTT%TTTETTTTT\\hTTTT$zzuuzvZQQQQY%\TTTɌ\1TTz&]&ST3TTTv&\U\u$=TTTT$ZQQQiT&hjjj&QQQSThTTTTTTTTTTY%muu%nj1TTTz&\TTTv&\\TTTTTTTTTTTTZ\Zvuu(\hTTTTTTTTTTX&TTT@%\\1Tl%\\\\TTTT(%\TTTTTTTTTTTTh&\hTTTY[hTTTTTTTTTT[TTT%\\\\\\1TZ\\\\\\\TTTT[\\\\\\TTTTTTTTTTTTh\\hTTT[\ye.\\\\\\\\\\\Ɍ&\\\\\\\hhhhhhhhhXh\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\thankfullyfrom a(#)#A#B#C#D#F#111uuD uD^b uDH#b^buDC^b   7x  a b v / 0 !{ !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(#1 F# < x 33@@ John Grattan./C:\MSOFFICE\WINWORD\INTERNET\MALTA\GHARDALM.HTM@HP DeskJet 500LPT1:HPDSKJETHP DeskJet 500  DLf,, u dHP DeskJet 500  DLf,, u dw w w w `z+,-5\los 567w   - 6 _ ` a b v ~  . / 0 m s\xu    ?!1|!  41D!!!!!!!!""7"8"9"Z"d"e"f"i"k"""""rCTimes New Roman Symbol &Arial5Courier New @heEDD $\%C:\MSOFFICE\WINWORD\TEMPLATE\Html.dot ghardalam John Grattan. John Grattan.<>DLDNDVDlD_DXDYDDD`DaDbDcDeDfDgDhDiDnDmDpD|DtDuDvDD~DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDLEDDDbEDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDE