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Gays and Film: Reading

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Some Relevant Books

Aaron, Michele (2004): New Queer Cinema: A Critical Reader. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
Abelove, Henry, Michele Alna Barale & David Halperin (Eds) (1993): Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader. London: Routledge
Bad Object-Choices (1991): How Do I Look? Queer Film and Video. Seattle, WA: Bay Press
Barrios, Richard (2003): Edited Out: Playing Gay in Hollywood from Edison to Stonewall. London: Routledge
Benshoff, Harry M (1997): Monsters in the Closet: Homosexuality and the Horror Film. Manchester: Manchester University Press
Benshoff, Harry & Sean Griffin (Eds) (2004): Queer Cinema: The 'Film' Reader. London: Routledge
Bingham, Dennis (1994): Acting Male: Masculinities in the Films of James Stewart, Jack Nicholson and Clint Eastwood. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
Bourne, Stephen (1996): Brief Encounters: Lesbians and Gays in British Cinema 1930-1971. London: Cassell
Bordo, Susan (1999): The Male Body: A New Look at Men in Public and Private. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux
Braun, Eric (2002): Frightening the Horses: Gay Icons at the Cinema. New York?: Reynolds & Hearn
Burston, Paul (1995): A Queer Romance: Lesbians, Gay Men and Popular Culture. London: Routledge
Butler, Judith (1999): Gender Trouble. London: Routledge
Capsuto, Steven (2000): Alternate Channels: The Uncensored Story of Gay and Lesbian Images on Radio and Television, 1930s to the Present. New York: Ballantine
Chandler, Daniel (2001): Semiotics: The Basics. London: Routledge
Cleto, Fabio (Ed) (1999): Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
Clum, John M (2002): He's All Man: Learning Masculinity, Gayness, and Love from American Movies. London: Palgrave
Cohan, Stephen (1997): Masked Men: Masculinity and the Movies in the Fifties. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press
Cohan, Stephen & Ina Rae Hark (Eds.) (1993): Screening the Male: Exploring Masculinities in Hollywood Cinema. London: Routledge
Cooper, Emmanuel (1994): The Sexual Perspective: Homosexuality and Art in the Last 100 Years in the West. London: Routledge
Cooper, Emmanuel (1995): Fully Exposed: The Male Nude in Photography. London: Routledge
Craig, Steve (Ed.) (1992): Men, Masculinity and the Media. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
Daniel, Lisa & Claire Jackson (Eds) (2003): The Bent Lens: A World Guide to Gay and Lesbian Film. London?: Alyson
Deangelis, Michael (2001): Gay Fandom and Crossover Stardom: James Dean, Mel Gibson, and Keanu Reeves. Durham, NH: Duke University Press
Dines, Gail & Jean M. Humez (Eds.) (1995): Gender, Race and Class in Media: A Text-Reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2003): Straight: Constructions of Heterosexuality in the Cinema (Suny Series, Cultural Studies in Cinema/Video). New York: State University of New York Press
Dotson, Edisol Wayne (1999): Behold the Man: The Hype and Selling of Male Beauty in Media and Culture. New York: Harrington Park Press
Doty, Alexander (1993): Making Things Perfectly Queer. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press
Doty, Alexander (2000): Flaming Classics : Queering the Film Canon. London: Routledge
Duberman, Martin (Ed) (1997): Queer Representations: Reading Lives, Reading Cultures. New York: New York University Press
Dutton, Ken (1995): The Perfectible Body: The Western Ideal of Male Physical Development. New York?: Continuum International
Dyer, Richard (Ed.) (1977): Gays and Film. London: British Film Institute
Dyer, Richard (1986): Heavenly Bodies: Film Stars and Society. London: BFI
Dyer, Richard (2002): Now You See It: Studies on Lesbian and Gay Film. London: Routledge
Dyer, Richard (1992): Only Entertainment. London: Routledge
Dyer, Richard (1993): The Matter of Images: Essays on Representation. London: Routledge
Dyer, Richard (2002): The Culture of Queers. London: Routledge
Edwards, Tim (1997): Men in the Mirror: Men's Fashion, Masculinity and Consumer Society. London: Cassell
Ehrenstein, David (2000): Open Secret: Gay Hollywood, 1928-2000. New York: HarperCollins
Ellenzweig, Allen & George Stambolian (1992): The Homoerotic Photograph. New York: Columbia University Press
Farmer, Brett (2000): Spectacular Passions: Cinema, Fantasy, Gay Male Spectatorships. Durham, NC: Duke University Press
Fuss, Diane (Ed) (1991): Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories. London: Routledge
Gamson, Joshua (1998): Freaks Talk Back: Tabloid Talk Shows and Sexual Nonconformity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
Gardiner, James (1996): Who's a Pretty Boy Then? One Hundred and Fifty Years of Gay Life in Pictures. London: Serpent's Tail
Gever, Martha, John Greyson & Pratibha Parmar (Eds) (1993): Queer Looks: Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Film and Video. London: Routledge
Gross, Larry (2002): Up From Invisibility. New York: Columbia University Press
Gross, Larry & James D Woods (1999): The Columbia Reader on Lesbians & Gay Men in Media, Society & Politics. New York: Columbia University Press
Hadleigh, Boze (2001): The Lavender Screen: The Gay and Lesbian Films - Their Stars, Makers, Characters, and Critics. New York?: Citadel Press
Hanson, Ellis (Ed) (1999): Out Takes: Essays on Queer Theory and Film. Durham, NH: Duke University Press
Hart, Kylo-Patrick R (2000): The AIDS Movie: Representing a Pandemic in Film and Television. New York: Haworth Press
Holmlund, Chris & Cynthia Fuchs (Eds) (1997): Between the Sheets, in the Streets: Queer, Lesbian, Gay Documentary. Minneapolis, MI: University of Minnesota Press
Horrigan Patrick E (2001): Widescreen Dreams: Growing Up Gay at the Movies. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press
Horrocks, Roger (1995): Male Myths and Icons: Masculinity in Popular Culture. London: Macmillan
Howes, Keith (1993): Broadcasting It: An Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality on Film, Radio and TV in the UK, 1923-1993. London: Cassell
Jackson, Earl (1995): Strategies of Deviance: Studies in Gay Male Representation. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press
Jeffords, Susan (1994): Hard Bodies: Hollywood Masculinity in the Reagan Era. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
Kabir, Shameem (1998): Daughters of Desire: Lesbian Representations in Film. London: Cassell
Keller, James R (2002): Queer (Un)Friendly Film and Television. Jefferson, NC: McFarland
Lang, Robert (2002): Masculine Interests: Homoerotics in Hollywood Film. New York: Colombia University Press
Lehman, Peter (1995): Running Scared: Masculinity and the Representation of the Male Body. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press
Lehman, Peter (Ed) (2001): Masculinity: Bodies, Movies, Culture. New York: Routledge
Lucie-Smith, Edward (1998): Adam: The Male Figure in Art. London: Weidenfeld Nicolson
Mackinnon, Kenneth (1997): Uneasy Pleasures: The Male as an Erotic Object. London: Cygnus
Mann, William J (2001): Behind the Screen: How Gays and Lesbians Shaped Hollywood, 1910-1969. New York: Viking Press
McGavin, Patrick Z & Gabriel Gomez (1994): Facets Gay and Lesbian Video Guide. Chicago: Academy Chicago Pub.
Medhurst, Andy & Sally R Munt (1997): Lesbian and Gay Studies: A Critical Introduction. London: Cassell
Mellen, Joan (1978): Big Bad Wolves: Masculinity in the American Film. London: Elm Tree
Murray, Raymond (1998): Images in the Dark: An Encyclopedia of Gay and Lesbian Film and Video. London: Titan Books
Nardi, Peter (Ed) (2000): Gay Masculinities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Olson, Jenni (Ed) (1996): The Ultimate Guide to Lesbian & Gay Film and Video. San Francisco: Serpent's Tail Press
Parish, James Robert (1993): Gays and Lesbians in Mainstream Cinema: Plots, Critiques, Casts and Credits for 272 Theatrical and Made-for-Television Hollywood Releases. New York(?): McFarland & Company
Pronger, Brian (1992): The Arena of Masculinity: Sports, Homosexuality, and the Meaning of Sex. London: St Martin's Press
Reuter, Donald F (2004): Fabulous: A Loving, Luscious and Lighthearted Look at Film from the Gay Perspective. New York: Broadway Books
Ringer, R Jeffrey (Ed) (1994): Queer Words, Queer Images: Communication and the Construction of Homosexuality. New York: New York University Press
Russo, Vito (1987): The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies. New York: HarperCollins
Saslow, James M (1999): Pictures and Passions: A History of Homosexuality in the Visual Arts. New York: Viking
Saunders, Michael William (1998): Imps of the Perverse: Gay Monsters in Film. New York?: Praeger
Screen (Ed.) (1992): The Sexual Subject. London: Routledge
Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky (1992): Epistemology of the Closet. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
Spicer, Andrew (2003): Typical Men: The Representation of Masculinity in Popular British Cinema. London: Tauris
Stewart, Steve (1994): Out on the Screen (formerly Gay Hollywood Film & Video Guide). Laguna Hills, CA: Companion Publications
Straayer, Chris (1996): Deviant Eyes, Deviant Bodies: Sexual Re-orientation in Film and Video. New York: Columbia University Press
Suarez, Juan Antonio (1996): Bike Boys, Drag Queens and Superstars: Avant-Garde, Mass Culture and Gay Identities in the 1960s Underground Cinema. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press
Threadgold, Terry & Anne Cranny-Francis (Eds) (1990): Feminine, Masculine and Representation. Sydney: Allen & Unwin
Tinkcom, Matthew (2002): Working Like a Homosexual: Camp, Capital, Cinema. Durham, NH: Duke University Press
Tropiano, Stephen (2002): The Prime-Time Closet. New York?: Applause Theatre
Tyler, Parker (1993 [1972]): Screening the Sexes: Homosexuality in the Movies. New York: Da Capo Press
Waugh, Thomas (1996): Hard to Imagine: Gay Male Erotics in Photography and Film from Their Beginnings to Stonewall. New York: Columbia University Press
Waugh, Thomas (2000): The Fruit Machine: Twenty Years of Writings on Queer Cinema. Durham, NH: Duke University Press
Weiss, Andrea (1993): Vampires & Violets: Lesbians in Film. New York: Penguin
Wilton, Tamsin (Ed) (1995): Immortal, Invisible: Lesbians and the Moving Image. London: Routledge

Vito Russo's The Celluloid Closet

'For its sheer scope and ambition, The Celluloid Closet remains today, even seventeen years after its first publication, the definitive title on gay representation in Hollywood. It stands among Molly Haskell's From Reverence to Rape and Donald Bogle's Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks, definitive surveys of Hollywood's oppressive representations of women and blacks, respectively. However, Russo's project suffers from the same pitfalls as these other ones.
This is a book about representations. Russo is ultimately quite persuasive that Hollywood's representations have been unkind and unfair to gays: Hollywood does not paint an accurate picture of gay life in America. But to make such a claim, Russo is buying into the notion that screen representations somehow correlate directly to reality. In attacking the images that are already there, the implication is that there is a more acceptable image, and thus winning the battle simply means projecting more positive representations of gays on screen.
Russo's work is buying into the reflectionist theory, whereby critics interpret the representations on screen to correlate to the everyday life of women, blacks, gays, etc. But as Laura Mulvey's crucial essay, 'Visual Pleasure in Narrative Cinema' (1975) shows, movies are never simply about representations themselves - there are other, psychic and more insidious operations of power in a movie than the problem of whether a woman finally decides to settle down and marry the man in screwball comedies, or if the gay character gives in to self-loathing and commits (another) suicide.
This reflectionist logic also collapses real life struggle with reel life struggle: in the context of gay liberation, it seems somehow like putting the cart before the horse to complain of negative Hollywood representations when everyday life for gays is often the object of negativity from the middle American mainstream. As an operation of capital with the bottom line always at the heart of Hollywood interest, we should expect nothing less than for mainstream movies to appeal to popular misconceptions. Does this mean these images are inoffensive? Certainly not. It suggests, however, that the terms of the debate over Hollywood representations needs to be recast...
In focusing solely on the representation, the reception is ignored. In a culture that has historically and continues to be assigned to the prefix 'sub', it is especially important to be attentive to the ways in which screen images - negative on the face of it or not - are appropriated by viewers and interpreted for their own use... In this study, Russo completely ignores the viewer and cedes all power of meaning-making to Hollywood and the question of 'intent' which gets us nowhere...
In spite of these critical oversights, however, The Celluloid Closet stands alone in its project. And, it is admittedly essential work to engage in reflectionist criticism: the history of the highly productive feminist film criticism shows that getting angry about screen shortcomings is the first step in producing more critical work representations and issues of power. The influential contributions to film theory by queer theorists suggests that as a first step, Russo's Celluloid Closet has had a crucial impact on film theory. The newer queer scholarship has in many ways rejected the simple equations of real and reel in reflectionist work. But The Celluloid Closet has been instrumental in finally and definitively iterating that the question of gays and lesbians on screen is not to be ignored. He ends his 1987 afterword with a query as to where the scholarship is that further interrogates gayness and Hollywood. By 1998, queer criticism in film has already matured and has had a profound impact on film and television studies. For all of the book's shortcomings and retrospective naivet�, The Celluloid Closet was and still is groundbreaking and eye-opening.
Harmony H. Wu (1998): 'Review of The Celluloid Closet', International Gay and Lesbian Review [WWW document] URL http://www.usc.edu/isd/archives/oneigla/onepress/reviews/celluloidcloset.html

homophobia hurts

Today is


	Aaron, Michele (2004): New Queer Cinema: A Critical Reader. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
	Abelove, Henry, Michele Alna Barale & David Halperin (Eds) (1993): Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader. London: Routledge
	Bad Object-Choices (1991): How Do I Look? Queer Film and Video. Seattle, WA: Bay Press
	Barrios, Richard (2003): Edited Out: Playing Gay in Hollywood from Edison to Stonewall. London: Routledge
	Benshoff, Harry M (1997): Monsters in the Closet: Homosexuality and the Horror Film. Manchester: Manchester University Press
	Benshoff, Harry & Sean Griffin (Eds) (2004): Queer Cinema: The 'Film' Reader. London: Routledge
	Bingham, Dennis (1994): Acting Male: Masculinities in the Films of James Stewart, Jack Nicholson and Clint Eastwood. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
	Bourne, Stephen (1996): Brief Encounters: Lesbians and Gays in British Cinema 1930-1971. London: Cassell
	Bordo, Susan (1999): The Male Body: A New Look at Men in Public and Private. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux
	Braun, Eric (2002): Frightening the Horses: Gay Icons at the Cinema. New York?: Reynolds & Hearn
	Burston, Paul (1995): A Queer Romance: Lesbians, Gay Men and Popular Culture. London: Routledge
	Butler, Judith (1999): Gender Trouble. London: Routledge
	Capsuto, Steven (2000): Alternate Channels: The Uncensored Story of Gay and Lesbian Images on Radio and Television, 1930s to the Present. New York: Ballantine
	Chandler, Daniel (2001): Semiotics: The Basics. London: Routledge
	Cleto, Fabio (Ed) (1999): Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press
	Clum, John M (2002): He's All Man: Learning Masculinity, Gayness, and Love from American Movies. London: Palgrave
	Cohan, Stephen (1997): Masked Men: Masculinity and the Movies in the Fifties. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press
	Cohan, Stephen & Ina Rae Hark (Eds.) (1993): Screening the Male: Exploring Masculinities in Hollywood Cinema. London: Routledge
	Cooper, Emmanuel (1994): The Sexual Perspective: Homosexuality and Art in the Last 100 Years in the West. London: Routledge
	Cooper, Emmanuel (1995): Fully Exposed: The Male Nude in Photography. London: Routledge
	Craig, Steve (Ed.) (1992): Men, Masculinity and the Media. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
	Daniel, Lisa & Claire Jackson (Eds) (2003): The Bent Lens: A World Guide to Gay and Lesbian Film. London?: Alyson
	Deangelis, Michael (2001): Gay Fandom and Crossover Stardom: James Dean, Mel Gibson, and Keanu Reeves. Durham, NH: Duke University Press
	Dines, Gail & Jean M. Humez (Eds.) (1995): Gender, Race and Class in Media: A Text-Reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
	Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2003): Straight: Constructions of Heterosexuality in the Cinema (Suny Series, Cultural Studies in Cinema/Video). New York: State University of New York Press
	Dotson, Edisol Wayne (1999): Behold the Man: The Hype and Selling of Male Beauty in Media and Culture. New York: Harrington Park Press
	Doty, Alexander (1993): Making Things Perfectly Queer. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press
	Doty, Alexander (2000): Flaming Classics : Queering the Film Canon. London: Routledge
	Duberman, Martin (Ed) (1997): Queer Representations: Reading Lives, Reading Cultures. New York: New York University Press
	Dutton, Ken (1995): The Perfectible Body: The Western Ideal of Male Physical Development. New York?: Continuum International
	Dyer, Richard (Ed.) (1977): Gays and Film. London: British Film Institute
	Dyer, Richard (1986): Heavenly Bodies: Film Stars and Society. London: BFI
	Dyer, Richard (2002): Now You See It: Studies on Lesbian and Gay Film. London: Routledge
	Dyer, Richard (1992): Only Entertainment. London: Routledge
	Dyer, Richard (1993): The Matter of Images: Essays on Representation. London: Routledge
	Dyer, Richard (2002): The Culture of Queers. London: Routledge
	Edwards, Tim (1997): Men in the Mirror: Men's Fashion, Masculinity and Consumer Society. London: Cassell
	Ehrenstein, David (2000): Open Secret: Gay Hollywood, 1928-2000. New York: HarperCollins
	Ellenzweig, Allen & George Stambolian (1992): The Homoerotic Photograph. New York: Columbia University Press
	Farmer, Brett (2000): Spectacular Passions: Cinema, Fantasy, Gay Male Spectatorships. Durham, NC: Duke University Press
	Fuss, Diane (Ed) (1991): Inside/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories. London: Routledge
	Gamson, Joshua (1998): Freaks Talk Back: Tabloid Talk Shows and Sexual Nonconformity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
	Gardiner, James (1996): Who's a Pretty Boy Then? One Hundred and Fifty Years of Gay Life in Pictures. London: Serpent's Tail
	Gever, Martha, John Greyson & Pratibha Parmar (Eds) (1993): Queer Looks: Perspectives on Lesbian and Gay Film and Video. London: Routledge
	Gross, Larry (2002): Up From Invisibility. New York: Columbia University Press
	Gross, Larry & James D Woods (1999): The Columbia Reader on Lesbians & Gay Men in Media, Society & Politics. New York: Columbia University Press
	Hadleigh, Boze (2001): The Lavender Screen: The Gay and Lesbian Films - Their Stars, Makers, Characters, and Critics. New York?: Citadel Press
	Hanson, Ellis (Ed) (1999): Out Takes: Essays on Queer Theory and Film. Durham, NH: Duke University Press
	Hart, Kylo-Patrick R (2000): The AIDS Movie: Representing a Pandemic in Film and Television. New York: Haworth Press
	Holmlund, Chris & Cynthia Fuchs (Eds) (1997): Between the Sheets, in the Streets: Queer, Lesbian, Gay Documentary. Minneapolis, MI: University of Minnesota Press
	Horrigan Patrick E (2001): Widescreen Dreams: Growing Up Gay at the Movies. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press
	Horrocks, Roger (1995): Male Myths and Icons: Masculinity in Popular Culture. London: Macmillan
	Howes, Keith (1993): Broadcasting It: An Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality on Film, Radio and TV in the UK, 1923-1993. London: Cassell
	Jackson, Earl (1995): Strategies of Deviance: Studies in Gay Male Representation. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press
	Jeffords, Susan (1994): Hard Bodies: Hollywood Masculinity in the Reagan Era. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
	Kabir, Shameem (1998): Daughters of Desire: Lesbian Representations in Film. London: Cassell
	Keller, James R (2002): Queer (Un)Friendly Film and Television. Jefferson, NC: McFarland
	Lang, Robert (2002): Masculine Interests: Homoerotics in Hollywood Film. New York: Colombia University Press
	Lehman, Peter (1995): Running Scared: Masculinity and the Representation of the Male Body. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press
	Lehman, Peter (Ed) (2001): Masculinity: Bodies, Movies, Culture. New York: Routledge
	Lucie-Smith, Edward (1998): Adam: The Male Figure in Art. London: Weidenfeld Nicolson
	Mackinnon, Kenneth (1997): Uneasy Pleasures: The Male as an Erotic Object. London: Cygnus
	Mann, William J (2001): Behind the Screen: How Gays and Lesbians Shaped Hollywood, 1910-1969. New York: Viking Press
	McGavin, Patrick Z & Gabriel Gomez (1994): Facets Gay and Lesbian Video Guide. Chicago: Academy Chicago Pub.
	Medhurst, Andy & Sally R Munt (1997): Lesbian and Gay Studies: A Critical Introduction. London: Cassell
	Mellen, Joan (1978): Big Bad Wolves: Masculinity in the American Film. London: Elm Tree
	Murray, Raymond (1998): Images in the Dark: An Encyclopedia of Gay and Lesbian Film and Video. London: Titan Books
	Nardi, Peter (Ed) (2000): Gay Masculinities. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
	Olson, Jenni (Ed) (1996): The Ultimate Guide to Lesbian & Gay Film and Video. San Francisco: Serpent's Tail Press
	Parish, James Robert (1993): Gays and Lesbians in Mainstream Cinema: Plots, Critiques, Casts and Credits for 272 Theatrical and Made-for-Television Hollywood Releases. New York(?): McFarland & Company
	Pronger, Brian (1992): The Arena of Masculinity: Sports, Homosexuality, and the Meaning of Sex. London: St Martin's Press
	Reuter, Donald F (2004): Fabulous: A Loving, Luscious and Lighthearted Look at Film from the Gay Perspective. New York: Broadway Books
	Ringer, R Jeffrey (Ed) (1994): Queer Words, Queer Images: Communication and the Construction of Homosexuality. New York: New York University Press
	Russo, Vito (1987): The Celluloid Closet: Homosexuality in the Movies. New York: HarperCollins
	Saslow, James M (1999): Pictures and Passions: A History of Homosexuality in the Visual Arts. New York: Viking
	Saunders, Michael William (1998): Imps of the Perverse: Gay Monsters in Film. New York?: Praeger
	Screen (Ed.) (1992): The Sexual Subject. London: Routledge
	Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky (1992): Epistemology of the Closet. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press
	Spicer, Andrew (2003): Typical Men: The Representation of Masculinity in Popular British Cinema. London: Tauris
	Stewart, Steve (1994): Out on the Screen (formerly Gay Hollywood Film & Video Guide). Laguna Hills, CA: Companion Publications
	Straayer, Chris (1996): Deviant Eyes, Deviant Bodies: Sexual Re-orientation in Film and Video. New York: Columbia University Press
	Suarez, Juan Antonio (1996): Bike Boys, Drag Queens and Superstars: Avant-Garde, Mass Culture and Gay Identities in the 1960s Underground Cinema. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press
	Threadgold, Terry & Anne Cranny-Francis (Eds) (1990): Feminine, Masculine and Representation. Sydney: Allen & Unwin
	Tinkcom, Matthew (2002): Working Like a Homosexual: Camp, Capital, Cinema. Durham, NH: Duke University Press
	Tropiano, Stephen (2002): The Prime-Time Closet. New York?: Applause Theatre
	Tyler, Parker (1993 [1972]): Screening the Sexes: Homosexuality in the Movies. New York: Da Capo Press
	Waugh, Thomas (1996): Hard to Imagine: Gay Male Erotics in Photography and Film from Their Beginnings to Stonewall. New York: Columbia University Press
	Waugh, Thomas (2000): The Fruit Machine: Twenty Years of Writings on Queer Cinema. Durham, NH: Duke University Press
	Weiss, Andrea (1993): Vampires & Violets: Lesbians in Film. New York: Penguin
	Wilton, Tamsin (Ed) (1995): Immortal, Invisible: Lesbians and the Moving Image. London: Routledge